Nature and Scope of Economics Flashcards

1
Q
  • How society manages its scarce resources
  • Behavior of a producer & a consumer
  • How society meets its unlimited wants & needs with its limited resources
A

ECONOMICS

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2
Q

SOCIETY FACES A SHORT-RUN TRADEOFF BETWEEN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT.

The __________________ illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:

A

Phillips Curve;

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3
Q

PRICES RISE WHEN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTS TOO MUCH MONEY.

__________ is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.

A

Inflation

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4
Q

A COUNTRY’S STANDARD OF LIVING DEPENDS ON ITS ABILITY TO PRODUCE GOODS & SERVICES.

Standard of living may be measured in different ways:
– By comparing _____________.
– By comparing the ______________________________.

A

personal incomes; total market value of a nation’s production

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5
Q

When the market fails, the __________ intervene to promote efficiency and equity.

A

government

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6
Q

MARKETS ARE USUALLY A GOOD WAY TO ORGANIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

An economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are guided by the interactions of a country’s individual citizens and businesses (Investopedia).

A

Market economy

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7
Q

Allows people to specialize in what they do best

A

TRADE CAN MAKE EVERYONE BETTER OFF

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8
Q

RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN
Cost vs. Benefit
(additional ______ & additional ________) econ

A

cost; benefit

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9
Q

(10 Principles of Economics)

Rational behavior for _________________

A

PEOPLE RESPOND TO INCENTIVES

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10
Q

THE COST OF SOMETHING IS WHAT YOU GIVE UP TO GET IT

A

(Opportunity Cost)
Alternative Foregone
Let go of one option (lagi)

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11
Q

(10 Principles of Economics)

What principle states that there’s no such thing as free lunch!

Laging may kapalit

A

PEOPLE FACE TRADE OFFS

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12
Q

___________________________: For you to be better off, somebody must be worse off.

A

Pareto efficiency principle

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13
Q

The ________________ of an item is the next best alternative choice that you give up to obtain that item.
What’s important to you

A

opportunity cost

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14
Q

__________________ – the ability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost, not necessarily at a greater volume or quality (Investopedia).

A

Comparative advantage

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15
Q

____________________ – show how countries can gain from trade by specializing in producing and exporting the goods that they can produce more efficiently than other countries (Investopedia).

A

Absolute advantage trade

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16
Q

________ increases the variety of goods and services available

A

Trade

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17
Q

_________ can make everyone better off

A

Trade

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18
Q

“______________” – force between buyer and seller
Government → health, education, & security

A

Invisible hand

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19
Q

________ - A place where parties can gather to facilitate the exchange of goods and services (Investopedia).

A

Market

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20
Q

_____________ (father of classical market)
No government intervention

A

Adam Smith

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21
Q

Therefore, how much each worker can ______________________ determines overall living standards within a nation.

A

produce per hour of work

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22
Q

GOVERNMENTS CAN SOMETIMES IMPROVE MARKET OUTCOMES

Market failure occurs when the market fails to _________________________.

A

allocate resources efficiently

23
Q

The more money there is available within an economy, the more people are _____________________________ (inflation), therefore, each dollar is buying less and less.

A

willing to pay for goods and services

24
Q

Philipps curve states:

A

Lower prices are the result of high unemployment and
Higher prices are the result of low unemployment.

25
Q

___________________ – behavior ng tao/ society

A

SOCIAL SCIENCE

26
Q

Scarcity and choice:

  • Resources are _____
  • Choices must be made
  • There is no such thing as free lunch
  • Opportunity cost “___________________”
A

scarce; alternative foregone

27
Q

Laissez faire

A

The Invisible Hand

28
Q

No adjustment for shortage or surplus

A

The Command System

29
Q

The incentive problem

A

The Command System

30
Q

Set output targets for all goods

A

The Command System

31
Q

System was a failure
The coordination problem

A

The Command System

32
Q

Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China

A

The Command System

33
Q

1776 Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
Unity of private and social interest

A

The Invisible Hand

34
Q

-
-

A
  • Efficiency
  • Incentives
  • Freedom
35
Q

Market System Characteristics
- _____________
- Freedom of enterprise and choice
- Self-interest
- _______________
- Markets and prices
- Technology and capital goods
- _______________
- Division of labor
- Geographic specialization
- Use of money
- ____________________

A

Private property; Competition; Specialization; Active, limited government

36
Q

Private ownership
Markets

A

The MARKET SYSTEM

37
Q

Government ownership
Central planning board

A

The COMMAND SYSTEM

38
Q

The Market System and the Circular Flow

Set of institutional arrangements

A

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

39
Q

Coordinating mechanism

A

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

40
Q

-

A
  • Who owns the factors on production
  • What method directs economic activity
41
Q

A ______________________ is constructed by drawing two perpendicular lines: a vertical axis (the Y-axis) and a horizontal axis (the X-axis). Each axis is a measuring scale.

A

Cartesian coordinate system

42
Q

A ______ is a two-dimensional representation of a set of numbers, or data.

A

graph

43
Q

A ______________ shows how a single measure or variable changes over time.

A

time series graph

44
Q

Production Possibilities Model

Illustrate production choices
Assumptions:
-
-
-
-

A

Full employment
Fixed resources
Fixed technology
Two goods

45
Q

SOCIETY’S ECONOMIZING PROBLEM
Scarce resources– FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:
-
-
-
-

A

Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurial Ability

46
Q

Macro vs. Micro
Aggregate
Economy as a whole

A

Macroeconomics

47
Q

True or False
“What is?” Ex. 20,000 income for a -
Objective
Facts

A

Positive Economics

48
Q

Macro vs. Micro
Individual Units
Individual behavior of the seller and consumer

A

Microeconomics

49
Q

Subjective
Other than the fact
“What ought to be done”

A

Normative Economics

50
Q

  • Economic principles
  • Simplification of reality
  • Graphical expression
A

Cause and effect;
Other-things-equal assumption

51
Q

  • Individuals and utility
  • ## Firms and profit
A

Rational self-interest; Desired outcomes

52
Q

Marginal analysis
- Marginal benefit
- Marginal cost
- Marginal means _____
- ____________________________________

A

extra;
Comparison of marginal benefit and marginal cost.

53
Q

The Economic Perspective
Thinking like an economist
Key features:
-
-
-

A

Scarcity and choice;
Purposeful behavior;
Marginal analysis