NATURE AND SCOPE OF DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
It is generally used to refer to the dynamic process by which an individual grows and changes throughout its life-span.
development
refers to the hereditary contribution a child receives from parents at the time conception.
nature
refers to the influences of the complex physical and social ecology in which we develop or grow influence the developmental outcomes in important ways.
nurture
is a broader term which often includes growth but is used more to refer to functional and qualitative changes in cognitive ability, perceptual ability, personality and emotional development.
development
generally refers to the quantitative additions or changes in the organic structure. For instance, as we become older, the body size, height, weight, proportions of body parts change in measurable ways. Also the vocabulary increases.
growth
refers to the natural unfolding of changes with increasing age; biologically in nature and occur due to a genetic programme. (e.g hormonal changes as an individual reaches puberty.) An example of this are the male and female secondary characteristics.
maturation
A term refers to species-specific changes.
evolution
changes that occur at the level of species.
phylogenetic
changes that occur at the level of an individual.
ontogenetic
the origination and development of an organism usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adulthood. The term can also be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism’s lifespan.
ontogeny
can be conceptualized as the portion of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development that can be attributed to experiences with the environment and the individuals within the environment.
ontogenetic development
is due to events that occur over the lifetime of an individual. Ontogenetic history builds on species history to determine when, where, and what kind of behavior will occur at a given moment.
ontrogenetic behavior
It refers to changes in body-size and structure functioning of various body systems, brain development, perceptual and motor development.
Physical and motor development
It refers to the development of cognitive and intellectual processes, including memory, attention, intelligence, academic knowledge, problem solving, imagination and creativity. It also includes development of language.
Cognitive development
It refers to how we develop relationships with other people, and how our emotions emerge and change as we grow older. It includes emotional communication and self-control, understanding of self and others, interpersonal skills, personality, and emergence of friendship and moral reasoning.
Socio-economic development
gamete formation where daughter cells, or gametes, are produced at the end of meiosis II resulting in the production of sperm and egg. (1N = haploid)
gametogenesis
fusion of sperm and egg to produce diploid (2N) zygote.
fertilization
mitotic cell division of early embryo, eventually forming a blastula or blastodisc.
cleavage
about 96 hours of fertilization.
morula
A ball of more that 64-cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel)
produced by the repeated mitotic division of a zygote.
blastula
is the developmental stage from the start of cleavage until the ninth week
embryo
involves a series of cell migrations to positions where they will form the three primary cell layers: The Ectoderm, Endoderm, and the Mesoderm.
gastrulation
forms the outer layer.
forms skin, hair, sweat glands, epithelium, brain and nervous system.
ectoderm
forms the inner layer.
forms digestive, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, all bladder and endocrine glands such as thyroid and parathyroid glands.
endoderm
forms the middle layer.
forms the body muscles, cartilage, bone, blood, reproductive system organs and kidneys.
mesoderm
continuous masses of cells in the 3 primary layers become split into smaller groups of cells each of which will develop into a specific organ or body part of an organism.
organogenesis
organ rudiments
early formation
growth of organ rudiments and acquisition of structure and physiochemical properties allowing them to function as adult structures.
Growth and Differentiation
begins to form organs during the third week ; cannot tell if it is human or other vertebrate. Tail is visible.
embryo
Also called parturition, is the culmination of pregnancy. It usually occurs within 15 days of the calculated due date (280 days from the last menstrual period)
childbirth
the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus
labor
In this period, the single-celled organism changes into a human baby within the womb.
Prenatal period
Rapid changes in the body and brain help several sensory, motor, social and cognitive capacities to emerge.
Infancy and toddlerhood
Motor skills are refined, language develops, ties are formed with peers, and the child learns through play.
Early childhood
These are the school years when the child acquires literacy skills, thought processes are refined, friendships emerge and self-concept is formed.
Middle Childhood
This period is marked by puberty which signals the onset of rapid physical and hormonal changes, emergence of abstract thinking, secual maturity, stronger peer ties, sense of self and autonomy from prenatal control.
Adolescence
This is the stage of life when the youngster leaves home for the sake of education, ot to find career, and to form intimate relationships leading to marriage and having children.
Early adulthood
At this stage the person is at the peak of their career, there is a need to help children begin independent lives, and to look after their own parents who are aging.
Middle adulthood
This period is marked by retirement from work, decrease in stamina and physical health, bonding with grand-children, and dealing with impending old age and death of self and spouse.
Late adulthood
A development view of environmental factors organized as concentric circles of systems.
Ecological system theory
An immediate environment at home and interactions between them and the child’s own characteristics.
Micro-system
Consist of the relationships between family members and school and neighborhood.
Meco-system
Refers to the influences of indirect agencies such as the work-place of the parents or community services.
Exo-system
Refers to the time dimension.
Chronosystem
The process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates its genetic material
cell cycle
it divides two new identical cells
binary fission
interphase includes
G1
S Phase
G2
This phase, the longest and most dynamic part of a cell’s life, is not part of cell division.
interphase
primary growth phase of the cell. It occupies the major portion of the life span of the cell (interphase)
G1
is when the strands of DNA duplicate themselves. (interphase)
S Phase
the final phase for the preparation of cell division. It occurs between DNA replication and onset of mitosis
G2 Phase
process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus and forms two identical nuclei.
mitosis
a reduction division of the nuclear material so that each gamete contains only half as much hereditary material as the parent cell.
meiosis
Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing-over may occur
Spindle fibers form, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the chromosomes are attached to the spindle by their centromeres.
prophase I
Microtubules attach to the kinetochore on one side of the centromere. Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the spindle.
Metaphase I
The centromeres do not divide. The microtubules of the spindle shorten and pull the centromeres of the chromosomes to opposite poles, one member of each pair to a pole.
Anaphase I
A member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole. The number of chromosomes has been reduced in half. They are now haploid but still duplicated.
Telophase I
In each daughter cell a spindle forms, centrioles move to opposite poles, and the chromosomes coil and thicken
Prophase II
The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell attached by the microtubules of the spindle
Microtubules bind to both kinetochores of the centromere
Metaphase II
The centromeres divide
The spindle fibers contract pulling the sister chromatids apart, one to each pole of the spindle
Anaphase II
The chromatids arrive at each pole, where they uncoil and decondense
A new nuclear membrane forms around the chromatids, and the spindle disappears
Four haploid cells are formed as cytokinesis is completed
Telophase II
are endocrine hormones that control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction once sexual maturation has occurred.
sex hormones
Commonly known as the Sperm Production
Spermatogenesis
An additional process that strips excess cytoplasm from the spermatid
Spermiogenesis
Three hundred million are produced daily and can live up to 48 hours in the female reproductive tract.
spermatozoa
helmetlike structure anterior to the nucleus containing enzymes, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus and is similar to a large lysosome.
acrosome
stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries of females and the production of sperm cells in males
FSH
stimulates ovulation and production of progesterones in females and the production of testosterone in males
LH
are eggs in various stages of development.
Ovarian Follicles
A mature follicle with a mature egg
graafian follicle
stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.
estrogen
the main hormonal product of the corpus luteum.
acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. But its main job is to get your uterus ready for pregnancy.
During pregnancy, it quiets the muscles of the uterus so that an implanted embryo will not be aborted and helps prepare breast tissue for lactation.
progesterone
Endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs. Ovarian hormones (estrogen) are at their lowest levels. The zona pellucida develops around each egg and about 20 primary follicles become secondary follicles, but only ONE attains maturity while the others die.
Menstrual phase
Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens. The egg ruptures from the follicle in the process of ovulation.
Proliferative phase
The corpus luteum begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone. Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular in response to increasing level of progesterone. If fertilization and implantation do not ocur, the corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans. If fertilization and implantation do occur, the corpus luteum is maintaned for 4 months by human chorionic gonadrothropin produced by the developing placenta.
Secretory phase
hormone producedduring pregnancy which stimulates the corpus luteum of the ovary to continue producing estrogens and progesterone so thatthe lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses.
Human Chorionic Gonadrothropin (hCG)
a series of rapid mitotic divisions (without cell growth) where the overall size of the embryo does not increase.
cleavage
is the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers. These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal.
gastrulation
After fertilization, the zygote divides into 2 daughter cells called
blastomere
Fluid within the intercellular spaces of the morula gradually increases, and spaces on one side of the inner cell mass come together, forming a single cavity
blastocele
will form the invading placenta
trophoblast
The cavity of the blastocele fills with fluid, and the conceptus is now called
blastocyst
is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast
gives rise to the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, definitive endoderm, and mesoderm) and to the extraembryonic mesoderm of the visceral yolk sac, the allantois, and the amnion.
epiblast
a transient structure which contributes to the development of the extraembryonic mesoderm and yolk sac and plays a key role in signaling to establish axial patterning in the embryo itself.
hypoblast
formed during the third week, and three germ layers develop
primitive streak
Primitive node epiblast cells invaginate and migrate anteriorly with some endoderm cells
Rod defining the body axis is formed
Future site of the vertebral column
notochord
developed from the closure of the neural plate and the neural fl=old (a process called neurulation) at about 21 to 26 days.
neural tube
About day 20, the mesoderm divides into paired bodies called
Located on either side of the developing neural tube, these paired bodies give rise to the skeleton and muscle tissue
somites
It is the type of asexual reproduction involving the development of female gametes without any fertilization
PARTHENOGENESIS
In certain animals, parthenogenesis occurs naturally in their life cycles
Natural Parthenogenesis
