Nature Flashcards
What are innate influences known as?
Innate influences are known as nature.
Present due to genes.
What are environmental influences known as?
Environmental influences are known as nurture.
Acquired through interactions within the environment or experiences.
What does ‘Tabula Rasa’ mean?
Babies are born as ‘Tabula Rasa’, a blank slate.
What does the interactionist approach combine?
The interactionist approach combines both nature and nurture.
What is an example of an interactionist theory?
The diathesis stress model is an example of an interactionist theory.
It combines elements of nature and nurture.
What do family, twin, and adoption studies show?
The closer two individuals are genetically, the more likely they will develop the same behaviours.
What is the genetic similarity of MZ and DZ twins?
MZ twins are 100% genetically similar, while DZ twins are 50% genetically similar.
What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia?
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are 40% for MZ twins and 7% for DZ twins.
This shows that genetics majorly contribute to behaviours.
What is the basis of evolutionary explanations?
A behaviour or characteristic that promotes survival/reproduction will be naturally selected.
What did Bowlby propose about attachment?
Bowlby (1969) proposed that attachment was adaptive as it increases the likelihood of infant survival.
How does attachment promote reproduction?
Attachment promotes close relationships which foster successful reproduction.
What did Sutherland propose about criminal attitudes?
Sutherland suggested that pro-criminal attitudes of family, peers, and community lead to positive reinforcement and avoidance of prison through negative reinforcement.
What theory is associated with Bandura?
Bandura is associated with Social Learning Theory (SLT).
What is the relationship between nature and nurture?
Nature and nurture cannot be separated; both contribute to development.
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
PKU is an inherited disorder that prevents amino acids from being metabolised, resulting in brain damage.
How can PKU be prevented?
If detected at birth, a diet devoid of phenylalanine can be given to prevent brain damage.
Is PKU a result of nature or nurture?
If prevention can be achieved through environmental manipulation, it raises the question of whether PKU is nature or nurture.
What is diathesis-stress disorder?
A diathesis is a biological vulnerability, a gene that predisposes an individual to a disorder.
Do all individuals with a genetic predisposition develop the disorder?
Not everyone with particular genes develops the disorder; it depends on experiences or stressors.
How does nature affect nurture?
Genes may exert an indirect effect; for example, a genetically aggressive child might provoke aggressive responses in others.
What is the reactive gene concept by Plomin?
The reactive gene concept suggests that a child reacts to genetically influenced behavior, which is part of learning from the environment.
What is passive influence in the context of genetics?
Passive influence occurs when parents’ genes indirectly affect a child’s behavior, such as a parent with a mental disorder creating an unsettled home life.
What is active influence or niche picking?
Active influence, or niche picking, refers to children seeking out experiences that suit their genes, which increases as they get older.
