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Astromony > Natural Wonders > Flashcards

Natural Wonders Flashcards

0
Q

Define watershed

A

The land area that contributes water to a stream

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1
Q

Define groundwater

A

Water in the pore space between particles underground

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2
Q

What is the continental divide and where does the water go

A

The divide that separates water flowing into the Pacific Ocean or to the Atlantic Ocean

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3
Q

How does the stream path differ in the mountains versus a flood plain

A

Mountains = straight path; decrease slope =decrease velocity

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4
Q

How does velocity vary with slope

A

Increase slope = increase velocity

Decrease slop= decrease velocity

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5
Q

How does the size of sediment vary as it is deposited by a river into an ocean

A

Area closest to where stream enter the ocean has the largest sediment and it slowly transitions to smaller and smaller sediment the further from shore you go

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6
Q

Where does the grand river flow into

A

Lake Michigan

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7
Q

What part of the hydrological cycle is most affected by fertilizers in the soil

A

Groundwater

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8
Q

How would the coastal groundwater e affected due to the lowering of the water table

A

Contamination of ground water with salt water filling the water table with ocean water

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9
Q

Given a diagram, be able to identify whether an artesian well will flow from its surface

A

Artesian flow needs a well below the pressure surface

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10
Q

What type of rock material would be the best for an aquifer

A

Best : sandstone

Worst: shale

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11
Q

In what type of aquifer would the least amount of contamination occur

A

Confined

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12
Q

How does the water table affect water flowing into and out of a stream

A

Lower water table due to wells might make a stream pr lake dry up because water would flow back into the ground

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13
Q

How does the cone of depression affect multiple well intakes

A

May cause some shallow wells to dye up while deeper wells are still successful

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14
Q

What are the two greenhouse gases that are of most concern because the have been added in large amounts by human activities

A

Co2 and methane

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15
Q

How exactly does the ozone layer help life on earth

A

Ozone protects us from UV radiation

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16
Q

How does latitude affect incoming solar radiation?

A

High lat= indirect sunlight

Low lat= direct sunlight

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17
Q

How does latitude affect the time an area receives sunlight

A

High lat= lot/no sunlight for part of the year

Low lat= consistent amount of light

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18
Q

How much sunlight does 90 degrees N receive in winter months

A

None

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19
Q

List 2 natural variables that may cause short term climate change. List one natural variable that May cause long term climate change

A

Volcanic eruption, meteor impact , change in solar activity, slight warming of the ocean

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20
Q

What is the affect of volcanic eruptions on the incoming solar radiation

A

Reflects incoming solar radiation

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21
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon that naturally warms earths surfaces

A

The greenhouse effect

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22
Q

What are some of the greenhouse gases produced by human activities ? Are all produced by human activities

A

No , CO2

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23
Q

List 2 affects of a global rise in sea level

A

Coastal flooding and coastal erosion

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24
Q

What is the relationship between te number and intensity of hurricanes to ocean temperatures?

A

More intense and larger hurricanes as ocean temp increases

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25
Q

List 3 possible consequences of global warming

A

Flooding, coastal erosion , change in ocean circulation, biosphere change

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26
Q

What is the molecular formula for ozone

A

O3

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27
Q

If the ozone layer were destroyed what would the long range affect be on earths surface

A

Increase ultraviolet radiation leading to death

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28
Q

What gas is most concern in relation to global warming

A

CO2

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29
Q

What beneficial effect does ozone in upper atmosphere have on earth

A

Absorbs UV Light

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30
Q

What are cathrates

A

Trapped greenhouse gases in frozen ocean sediment

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31
Q

List 3 things that provide scientists with clues about earths past climates

A

Fossil record/Striation
Oxygen isotope data
CO2 in ice cores

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32
Q

If oceans become warmer what might the affect be on the Cathrates

A

Cathrates would malt releasing GH gasses

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33
Q

Are landforms such as glacial deposits and glacial erosion in area that do not currently have glaciers a sign that earths climate has varied in the past

A

Yes

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34
Q

During interglacial times what would to you expect to observe from oxygen isotope data in ocean sediment deposited during the warm time

A

Interglacial: observe a higher ratio of O16 in ocean sediment
Ice age : observe a lower amount of O16 in ocean sediment because it is trapped in newly formed ice

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35
Q

If galaxies are showing a blue shift, what does this mean? If they show a red shift, what does this mean?

A

Blue shift: shorter wavelength= star moving towards earth

Red shift: longer wavelength= star moving away from earth

36
Q

What group if stars has low luminosities and low temperatures? What dwarf, red giant, red dwarf, blue supergiant, main sequence

A

Red dwarf

37
Q

How do the massive main sequence stars compare to the smaller main sequence stars in terms of temperature and luminosity?

A

Massive main sequence have higher luminosity and higher temps. Smaller main sequence stars have lower temps and lower luminosity

38
Q

What is the shift in wavelength of light emitted by a moving light source known as?

A

Doppler effect

39
Q

What stage of light is our sun currently experiencing?

A

Main sequence

40
Q

What is the primary evidence for the Big Bang theory?

A

Red shift

41
Q

A star moving away from earth would display a____ shift. A star moving towards earth would display a ____ shift

A

Red ; blue

42
Q

According to the Doppler effect, the wavelength of light is ____ if the object is moving away from you. The wavelength of light is ____ if the object is moving towards you.

A

Longer ; shortened

43
Q

Would a red shift of blue shift of distant galaxies indicate that the universe is expanding

A

Red shift

44
Q

What is cosmic background radiation and how does it support the Big Bang?

A

CBR is seen mainly in the microwave spectrum and it’s constant throughout the universe. It is said to be the remaining heat energy from the Big Bang

45
Q

What causes the sun to form from an interstellar gas and dust cloud?

A

Gravity

46
Q

After the sun formed, what did the planets form from and how did it happen?

A

The material that was orbiting the sun. Some of the rocky material started to accrete to each other. This larger mass caused a gravitational pull of near by material until the objects were planet size

47
Q

How are the following regions of space related: galaxy, earth, universe, solar system

A

Smallest to largest: earth, solar system, galaxy, universe

48
Q

Describe the process of nuclear fusion

A

When two lighter elements combine their nucleus to form a heavier elements and produce energy

49
Q

What are the different types of galaxies? The Milky Way is which type?

A

Spiral, bared spiral, irregular, cluster. The Milky Way is a spiral Galaxy

50
Q

Define galaxy

A

A group of stars that are bound together by their gravitational attraction

51
Q

Explain Einstein E=mc2 equation. What do the variables represent?

A

E=energy M= mass C=speed of light. Theory that was used to calculate energy release of fusion

52
Q

What will magnetic storms cause in our atmosphere?

A

Aurora borealis

53
Q

What can/did the solar wind do to the atmosphere of the inner planets?

A

Some planets had their atmosphere blown away by the winds

54
Q

What is the solar wind? What layer of the sun does it come from?

A

Energy that comes from the sun; comes from corona

55
Q

What is the most explosive eruptions on the sun called?

A

Solar flares

56
Q

Solar flares can cause what phenomenon in our atmosphere?

A

Northern lights

57
Q

The energy the sun expels into space is caused by what process?

A

Fusion

58
Q

What is the sun spot cycle? How often does it occur?

A

Every 11 years there is a change from having many sun spots on the photosphere to having almost no sun spots of the photosphere

59
Q

Because of the Coriolis effect, which way do tornadoes rotate? Are tornadoes high or low pressure?

A

Counter clockwise, low pressure

60
Q

Between severe weather systems such as typhoons, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes, which has the highest wind speed and is the shortest lived?

A

Tornadoes

61
Q

What causes wind? What determines wind speed?

A

Difference in air pressure, pressure gradient

62
Q

What conditions formed the 1956 hudsonville tornado?

A

Spring time warm humid air mass thunderstorm

63
Q

Are thunderstorms a result of warm or cold fronts?

A

Cold fronts

64
Q

Describe the climate conditions on the windward side of mountains. Describe the climate conditions on the leeward side of mountains

A 
Windward= cold and wet
Leeward= hot and dry
65
Q

What happen to air pressure as air moves vertically?

A

Decreases

66
Q

What happens to temperature as air rises in the atmosphere

A 
Troposphere= decreases 
Stratosphere = increases 
Mesosphere = decreases 
Thermosphere = increase
67
Q

What is adiabatic cooling

A

Cooling of air as it rises due to expansion

68
Q

Do most thunderstorms occur near the poles, the equator, or the mid latitudes

A

Equator

69
Q

Are thunderstorms a result of a stable or unstable atmosphere

A

Unstable

70
Q

During the mature stage of a thunderstorm, do up drafts, downdrafts, or both dominate

A

There are both

71
Q

Pressure gradient causes wind. The gradient, the stronger the wind. What form of severe weather would have the steepest pressure gradient?

A

Tornado

72
Q

Where do hurricanes get there energy? Why do hurricanes lose energy upon landfall?

A

Warm water. There is no more water to cause air to rise

73
Q

During what months are tornadoes most frequent?

A

Spring months

74
Q

What type of weather precedes a cold front? A warm front?

A

Heavy rain. Developing clouds building to light rain

75
Q

How does the Coriolis effect manipulate winds in Michigan

A

It defects winds in Michigan to the right or clockwise

76
Q

What property of water causes ocean water along coastal land areas to moderate the climate of those regions

A

Specific heat : the property of water that makes it cool off slowly an heats up slowly

77
Q

What is the water links in the deep ocean currents of the Atlantic Ocean

A

Cold and salty

78
Q

What causes the formation of deep Atlantic currents

A

Sinking of cold , salty, dense water at the poles

79
Q

Looking at the diagram of lake Michigan during the summer. How do the conditions differ on opposite sides of the lake

A

Wisconsin is colder and has less snow fall. Michigan is warmer and has more snow due to Lake Michigan , it gives us lake effect snow

80
Q

What factors affect surface ocean currents

A

Coriolis effect global wind pratterns, continental boundaries

81
Q

What is a thermohaline circulation

A

Thermo- heat; haline- salt; circulation of water with different temperature and salinity

82
Q

What causes thermohaline circulation

A

Sinking of cold water, salty water at the poles ( due to increase salinity by: formation of sea ice, evaporation ( and movement of dense water on the ocean floor. Also the heating of the ocean near the equator and cooling of water at the poles

83
Q

How does the strength of the Coriolis effect change at different latitudes

A

Weaker at the equator and stronger at the poles

84
Q

Why is the Northern Europe warmer than similar latitudes on the east side of the Atlantic

A

Warmer by the warm ocean current flowing adjacent to the land mass

85
Q

What change does El Niño bring to the temperature of the west coast of spit America

A

It makes the coast warmer because warm water is moved back toward the coast due to weakening/reverse of wind patterns

86
Q

What are gyres and what direction do they move

A

Large circular currents in the ocean. N. hemisphere= clockwise. S. hemisphere= counter clockwise

87
Q

What is a major economic impact of the El Niño on South America

A

Reduced fish population therefore impact on fishean/economy

Astromony (2 decks)

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