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honors bio > Natural Selection > Flashcards

Natural Selection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptations

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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2
Q

natural selection

A

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals BECAUSE of those traits

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3
Q

artificial selection

A

humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding
individuals that possess desired traits

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4
Q

evolution

A

process of descent with modification

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5
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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6
Q

homologous structures

A

represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

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7
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors i.e. the skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of walking ancestors

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8
Q

evolutionary tee

A

a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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9
Q

biogeography

A

the scientific study of the geographic distributions of species

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10
Q

genetic variation

A

differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences

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11
Q

neutral variation

A

differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage.

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12
Q

mechanisms that contribute to the shuffling of alleles

A

1) crossing over
2) independent assortment of chromosomes
3) fertilization

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13
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offsprings

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14
Q

gene pool

A

collection of genes in a population

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15
Q

conditions for hardy weinberg

A

1) no mutations
2) random mating
3) no natural selection
4) large population size
5) no gene flow

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably

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17
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a sudden change in the environment, such as fire or a flood, which causes a severe drop in the population

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18
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles in or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals

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19
Q

directional selection

A

conditions that favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range

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20
Q

disruptive selection

A

conditions that favor individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

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21
Q

stabilizing selection

A

conditions that go against both extreme phenotypes and favor intermediate variants

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22
Q

heterozygous advantage

A

heterozygous individuals have greater fitness than both homozygous individuals

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23
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

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24
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring but don’t produce offspring with members of different groups.

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25
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring. two types: prezygotic & postzygotic

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26
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

1) habitat isolation
2) temporal isolation
3) behavioral isolation
4) mechanical isolation
5) gametic isolation

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27
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

1) reduced hybrid fertility
2) reduced hybrid viability
3) hybrid breakdown

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28
Q

morphological species concept

A

distinguishes a species by its body shape

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29
Q

ecological species concept

A

defines a species in terms of its ecological niche- the sum of how members interact with nonliving and living parts of the environment

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30
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch of the tree of life.

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31
Q

speciation

A

the process of one species splitting into two

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32
Q

allopatric speciation

A

when gene flow is interrupted when the population is divided into is geographically isolated subpopulations; separate gene pools diverge, mutations occur, and natural selection can alter allele frequencies

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33
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs in populations that live in the same geographical area; can occur if gene flow is reduced by polyploidy, sexual selection, or habitat differentiation

34
Q

polyploidy

A

defined as an accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes

35
Q

autopolyploid

A

an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species.

36
Q

allopolyploid

A

species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

37
Q

hybrid zones

A

where members of different species meet and produce hybrids

38
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

used to describe the periods of apparent stasis punctuated by a sudden change

39
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

branching diagrams showing the evolutionary history of a group of organisms; show descent

40
Q

analogy

A

similarity between organisms that is due to convergent evolution

41
Q

monophyletic clade

A

an ancestral species and all of its descendants

42
Q

paraphyletic clade

A

an ancestral species and some of its descendants

43
Q

polyphyletic clade

A

distantly related species without their most common ancestor

44
Q

shared ancestral character

A

homologous character that is present in a taxon but does not necessarily define the group

45
Q

shared derived character

A

a homologous character that is shared between 2 or more species

46
Q

maximum parsimony

A

investigate the simplest explanation that is also consistent with the facts

47
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

a process in where genes are transferred though mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and possibly fusions of organisms

48
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

posits that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

49
Q

cambrian explosion

A

many present day animal phyla appear suddenly in fossils formed 525 to 535 million years ago

50
Q

paedomorphosis

A

occurs when reproductive organ development accelerates faster than the other organs, causing sexually mature species to retain juvenile body features

51
Q

homeotic genes

A

determine basic features like where legs will develop or the arrangement of petals on a flower

52
Q

hox genes

A

provide positional information in an animal embryo, which allows cells to develop into the appropriate structure and location

53
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

54
Q

cis trans isomers

A

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

55
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of asymmetric carbon

56
Q

function of the endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

57
Q

glycoproteins

A

secretory proteins made from a carbohydrate group

58
Q

phagocytosis

A

smaller organisms of particles are engulfed by the cell

59
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes break down damaged organelles

60
Q

food vacuole

A

formed by phagocytosis, surrounds engulfed particles

61
Q

contractile vacuole

A

works to pump excess water out of the cell

62
Q

central vacuole

A

repository for ions such as potassium and chloride

63
Q

peroxisomes

A

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane; remove hydrogen atoms and add them to oxygen which forms peroxide

64
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

1) transport
2) enzymatic activity
3) signal transduction
4) cell-cell recognition
5) intercellular joining
6) attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

65
Q

isotonic solution

A

no net movement of water across a membrane because the concentrations of solution are the same on the inside and outside of the cell membrane; NORMAL FOR ANIMAL CELL, FLACCID FOR PLANT CELL

66
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration of the solution is lower on the outside of the cell, so water leaves the cell to a lower concentration of water; SHRIVELED FOR BOTH TYPES OF CELLS

67
Q

hypotonic solution

A

the concentration of the solute is higher in the cell the water will rush into the cell and cause it to burst. CAUSES ANIMAL CELL TO BURST, NORMAL FOR PLANT CELL

68
Q

passive transport

A

form of cellular transport that moves particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentrations

69
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transportation of solutes across a membrane with the help of protein channels; solutes move from high to low concentrations and this does not require energy

70
Q

active transport

A

type of transport that uses energy to move substances in, out, and across the cell

71
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

exchanges Na+ for K+ ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells

72
Q

voltage

A

electric potential energy

73
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across a membrane

74
Q

electrogenic pump

A

transport protein that generates voltage as ions pass across a membrane

75
Q

exocytosis

A

the secretion of certain molecules out of the cell.

76
Q

endocytosis

A

occurs when the cell takes in large molecules by forming transport vesicles

77
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

1) phagocytosis (cell eating)
2) pinocytosis (cell drinking)
3) receptor mediated endocytosis (a form of pinocytosis)

78
Q

metabolism

A

the total of an organism’s chemical reactions

79
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and modifies that molecule in order to form a desired product

80
Q

catabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that release energy from a given state i.e. cellular respiration

81
Q

anabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that store energy or use energy to form desired products i.e. synthesis of an amino acid from simpler molecules

honors bio (1 decks)

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