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biology > natural selection > Flashcards

natural selection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is natural selection?

A

The way in which nature favours the reproductive success of some individuals over others

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2
Q

what is evolution

A

The scientific theory that describes changes in species overtime, and I shared ancestry

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3
Q

What’s a theory?

A

Explanatory model that accounts for a very large body of evidence

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4
Q

what does fitness mean?

A

Suitability for survival and the environment

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5
Q

what does success mean?

A

ongoing potential for survival

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6
Q

what does adaption mean?

A

Physical feature of an organism that contributes to its survival

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7
Q

what does viability mean?

A

To survive and have offspring

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8
Q

what is an allele

A

 Variations of a gene

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9
Q

what is a genotype?

A

Particular alleles present in an individual for a particular trait

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10
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

Physical conditions caused by the activity of genes

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11
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genetics make up of a species

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12
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

All the alleles of a populations consider together, and expressed as a fraction of a total for each gene type

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13
Q

What is a harmful mutation?

A

Reduce the reproductive success of an organism

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14
Q

What is beneficial mutation?

A

Produce a change in an individuals phenotype that gives the individual an advantage

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15
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

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16
Q

what does species mean?

A

All members of a population that can interbreed under natural conditions

17
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

Formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period of geographic isolation

18
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

New species evolved from within a large population. Can be sudden or gradual.

19
Q

explain reproductive isolating, mechanism

A

Behavioural structural or bio chemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully together

20
Q

what is directional selection?

A

favours individuals with more extreme variation of a trait

21
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

Favours the average phenotype within population

22
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

Favours individuals with variations at opposite extremes of a trait

23
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

Favouring a trait that specifically enhances the mating success of an individual

24
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

The controlled captive breeding process like dogs are crops

25
Q

what is a genetic drift?

A

Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance

26
Q

what is the Genetic bottleneck affect?

A

Dramatic reduction in population, resulting in a loss of genetic diversity

27
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

A small number of individuals separate from their original population, and establish a new population

28
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

The relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species, feeling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches

29
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The large scale evolution of a group into many different forms

30
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species, like sharks and dolphins

31
Q

what is co-evolution

A

The process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another species

32
Q

what is the theory of gradualism?

A

A theory that attributes large evolutionary changes in species to the accumulation of many small and ongoing changes and processes

33
Q

what is the theory of punctuated equilibrium?

A

A theory that attributes most evolutionary changes to relatively rapid spurts of change, followed by long periods of little or no change 

34
Q

what is a fossil?

A

Any ancient remains impressions or traces of an organism or traces of its activity that have been preserved in rocks, or other menu deposits, in earths crust

biology (2 decks)

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