Natural Resources: Water as a Resource (Unit 7) Flashcards
1
Q
In 2017, what did the Texas Water Development Board predict would happen to the water supply by 2070? What is this water gap an average of? Why will this challenge have varying effects?
A
In 2017, the Texas Water Development Board predicted that by 2070 there will be a 41% gap between water demand and supply. The 41% gap is the average across the state of Texas. This challenge will have varying effects on different parts of Texas because each region has its own distinct population, water demands, and water supplies. Variation in urban growth, resource distribution, and resource demands will result in some areas experiencing more serious challenges than others.
2
Q
Despite being essential, do many lack food, energy, and water? According to the World Resources Institute, what will happen to water, food, and energy demands?
A
Water, food, and energy are essential to sustain life on Earth. Around the globe, billions of people lack access to one or more of these resources. According to the World Resources Institute, by 2030, water, food, and energy demands are expected to increase by 40–50%.
3
Q
Resource Definition
A
A source or supply that a country has and can use to increase its wealth
4
Q
How is water and energy used in our food? (Connection between food, energy, and water)
A
Water is used in agriculture and energy production. Energy is used to power many tools and equipment in food production. Water treatment plants use energy to clean water and transport water. Current food production practices require water and energy and many of those practices impact the availability and quality of drinking water.
5
Q
True or False: Water, food, and energy are resources that must be considered collectively rather than independently of each other to ensure safe and secure access to them.
A
True
6
Q
What are five real world examples that show how food, energy, and water are connected?
A
- Water is used for irrigating crops.
- Energy is required to pump and transport water.
- Processing food requires energy and water, such as making ketchup from tomatoes.
- Water is used to cool thermal power plants.
- Water is used to produce energy in hydroelectric dams.
7
Q
How is irrigation an example of how food, water, and energy are connected?
A
Food requires a lot of water and in many places irrigation comes from water supplies that are either above ground or underground. You need energy to pump that water and you need energy to move water around in society.
8
Q
How is energy connected to water?
A
We use a lot of energy to move water around in society and to heat water for all kinds of other purposes. We also use energy in the processing of food that comes from agriculture.
9
Q
How is water connected to energy?
A
Water then, on the other hand, is connected with energy because you need water for the energy that we use in society. For example, we use pumped hydro power to actually balance our grids today. We also need water for cooling the thermal power plants that we use in society.
10
Q
Which two factors do scientists use to determine an individual’s or a community’s total water usage?
A
To calculate the water usage of an individual or a community, scientists include both direct and virtual ways that people use water.
11
Q
What is direct water and what does it include? What is virtual water and what does it include? Which of these make up the majority of our water footprint?
A
Direct water includes drinking water and water used to water lawns or flush toilets. Virtual water (also known as hidden water) appears in the water used in foods you eat or products that you buy, the energy you consume, or the water you saved by recycling. Virtual water use makes up most of people’s water footprint.
12
Q
What are five examples of virtual water?
A
- production of food, such as pizza or chocolate
- production of other products, such as clothes, shoes, or cars
- water used in electricity production and the use of electrical appliances
- cooling of thermoelectric power plants
- water used to produce electricity that runs water treatment plants
13
Q
Direct Water Definition
A
Water that is used or consumed by an individual or group of individuals
14
Q
Virtual Water Definition
A
Water used in production of services and goods that consumers need and enjoy
15
Q
True or False: The average water footprint of one medium-sized cheese pizza is 1,260 liters or 333 gallons of water.
A
True
16
Q
What does the human water cycle describe? Are the earth’s water cycle and the human water cycle connected?
A
The human water cycle describes how humans get, use, and reuse water. Both Earth’s water cycle and the human water cycle are interconnected and vital for sustaining life.
17
Q
How can high pressure membranes help water quality?
A
High-pressure membranes can be used to remove very small contaminants in water. This technology can help remove all kinds of contaminants from the water making it safe for the environment.
18
Q
True or False: The largest source of clean electric energy in the United States is hydro power or hydroelectricity.
A
True
19
Q
How is using satellites to get soil salinity data an advantage?
A
Using satellites to get soil salinity data can help retrieve high resolution measurements locally and globally.
20
Q
True or False: Soil salinization is the excess salt leftover after water evaporates or transpires. The excess salt in water stops the crops from taking in water and nutrients.
A
True
21
Q
Currently, what percentage of freshwater consumption is used for agriculture?
A
70%
22
Q
How is agriculture related to water and energy? What negative effects can it have on water?
A
The increasing demands by crops and livestock production for fresh water along with many other uses, such as producing energy, are adding stress on water sources. In addition, food production impacts the quality of freshwater sources by introducing contaminants to existing supplies. Agricultural runoff adds fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste into surface water and groundwater. This results in algal blooms (or overgrowth of algae in water) which lowers the oxygen level, creating dead zones in bodies of water. This impacts aquatic life and fishing industries.
23
Q
Remember: Better sustainable practices are needed to reduce agricultural runoff and to capture and recycle nutrients before they reach water sources. Salt water poses a significant threat to freshwater supplies used for food production. Many of the widely used agricultural practices and technologies are energy intensive and expensive. Scientists and farmers must work together to create and implement new and sustainable practices or solutions to help reduce the impact on freshwater supplies.
A
Better sustainable practices are needed to reduce agricultural runoff and to capture and recycle nutrients before they reach water sources. Salt water poses a significant threat to freshwater supplies used for food production. Many of the widely used agricultural practices and technologies are energy intensive and expensive. Scientists and farmers must work together to create and implement new and sustainable practices or solutions to help reduce the impact on freshwater supplies.
24
Q
By what percentage will the global agricultural water consumption increase by in 2050, according to the United Nations?
A
19%.
25
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of drip irrigation?
Drip irrigation carries water and fertilizer directly to the plants’ roots, decreasing evaporation and runoff that occur when using a conventional sprinkler. Drip irrigation is 40% more efficient than other irrigation systems.
26
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of rainwater harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting captures and stores rainwater for later use. It can help reduce the reliance on groundwater and other existing water supplies. Properly stored and captured rainwater can be used for things such as landscaping, wildlife and livestock watering, and in-home water use.
27
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of choosing the right crops?
When choosing crops, pick ones that are appropriate for the area’s climate. Drought-tolerant crops such as cucumbers, or crops that have low water needs can be planted in arid regions. Perennial crops are alive year-round and are harvested multiple times, such as apples and asparagus. Perennial crops hold the soil and help protect the soil longer than annual crops. This helps reduce loss of enriched soil due to water erosion, wind erosion, or runoff. Annual crops lose more water than perennials and require more irrigation.
28
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of using compost?
Compost is made up of decomposed plant matter or animal waste and can be used as an add-on to fertilizer. Compost slowly releases nutrients as the organic matter decomposes. It helps improve the structure of the soil and increases the soil’s capacity to hold water and nutrients.
29
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of utilizing cover crops?
Cover crops help improve soil health and maintain a cleaner surface and groundwater. They can help prevent soil erosion, decrease nutrient loss, suppress weeds and nematodes, increase soil health, and control pests and insects. Legumes and grasses are the most commonly used cover crops.
30
What is the water-saving agricultural practice of no-tilling farming?
As the soil is not being turned over, there is less soil erosion by water or wind. The plant residues that are left behind hold water and reduce evaporation.
31
What percentage of Texas’s water comes from groundwater aquifers? In 2010, how much groundwater was available in Texas? How much groundwater is projected to be in Texas in 2060? How will the population increase in 2060? What is groundwater in Texas used for?
Approximately 60% of Texas’s water needs are met by groundwater aquifers. In 2010, the amount of groundwater available in a year in Texas was 13 million acre-feet. It is projected that by 2060 that amount will go down to 10 million acre-feet, while the population of Texas is expected to increase from 25 million to 50 million. As the demand increases and the supplies decrease, groundwater availability is a critical concern and a challenge that needs to be solved. Groundwater in Texas is used for agricultural use, oil and gas production, and municipal uses. Understanding the interconnection between water, food, and energy resources can help reduce the competing demands, and can help reduce the risk of a predicted water gap.
32
How does Earth’s fresh water supply now compare to it millions of years ago? How has the increasing population contributed to the demand for fresh water? What is water scarcity?
Earth's fresh water supply is the same as it was millions of years ago. However, the demand for fresh water has increased with the increase in population. Many regions around the world face water scarcity, or lack of sufficient water resources to meet demand.
33
What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, according to the United States Geological Survey? What percentage of this is freshwater? Where is the majority of freshwater stored? What percentage of freshwater is surface or other water? What is this water used for? What natural factors influence the water supply?
According to the United States Geological Survey, about 71 percent of Earth's surface is covered with water. However, only 2.5 percent is fresh water; the rest is salt water. Much of the fresh water is trapped in glaciers and ice caps. Only 1.2 percent of fresh water is surface or other water, which is used for industrial and domestic purposes and irrigation. Due to geology, climate, geography, and other factors, some regions have an abundant supply of fresh water, while others face drought or a shortage of water resources.
34
What is the distribution of global total water?
2.5% is freshwater; 96.5% is ocean; 0.9% is other saline water
35
What is the distribution of freshwater?
68.7% is in glaciers & ice caps; 30.1% is ground water; 1.2% is surface/other freshwater
36
Aquitard Definition
A layer of rock that allows a small amount of liquid to pass through
37
Artesian Well Definition
A well under sufficient pressure such that water flows upward to the surface
38
Water Table Definition
The boundary between unsaturated and saturated ground
39
The availability of ground water depends on which two factors? What does the permeability of rocks determine? How do permeable and impermeable rocks affect ground water and surface water differently?
The availability of ground water depends on the surface and the climate. The permeability of rocks determines how much water an aquifer will hold. As rainfall reaches the ground, permeable rocks allow the water to flow through them and form aquifers. Permeable rocks on the ground can lead to more ground water and less surface water. Impermeable rocks can lead to less ground water and more surface water.
40
Permeability of Rocks Definition
The ease with which rocks allow liquids to pass through
41
Aquifer Definition
An area of rock that absorbs and holds water that exists below the water table
42
How can climatic conditions impact the availability of water? What are arid regions more susceptible to? What happens when a drought occurs?
Climatic conditions of a region can impact the availability of water. Arid regions with low precipitation levels are more likely to suffer from drought. When drought occurs, the flow of streams and rivers declines, and water levels in lakes, wells, and reservoirs fall.
43
How do climate and geography impact the availability of water? What is climate? What is climate influenced by?
The availability of water is based largely on climate and geography and how those factors affect precipitation. Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. Climates vary by region and are influenced by a number of factors including latitude, elevation, proximity to water, vegetation, and prevailing winds.
44
What is a polar climate? Why is Antarctica technically a desert?
Polar climates are found near the North and South Poles. These climates are characterized by frigid temperatures. Because the air is so cold, it can hold very little moisture, resulting in little snowfall. Antarctica is technically a desert, due to its very low level of precipitation.
45
What is a temperate climate?
Temperate climates are found around the halfway points between the poles and the equator. These zones have highly variable temperatures through their seasons, with precipitation falling year-round.
46
What is a tropical climate?
Tropical climates are found near the equator and are characterized by warm temperatures year-round. Tropical climate regions often have two major seasons: rainy season and dry season. These seasons are influenced by the tropical rain belt, which moves from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere, then back north over the course of the year, due to the tilt of Earth’s axis. As the areas with the most direct sunlight heat up, there is more evaporation, which in turn causes more precipitation.
47
What is a mediterranean climate?
Mediterranean climates have rainy winter seasons and dry summer seasons. These climates are found in the mid-latitudes on the western coasts of the continents. In these regions, oceanic currents help to keep the summers dry and the winters mild and rainy.
48
What is an arid climate?
Arid or desert climates have a greater rate of evaporation than precipitation. While there are cold deserts, such as found in Antarctica, hot deserts make up the vast majority of arid regions. In fact, hot deserts are the most abundant climate on Earth.
49
What are prevailing winds? What do they do?
In order for rain to occur, there must be water in the air. Most moisture in the air comes from evaporation from large bodies of water such as oceans or large lakes. Masses of air containing water are carried across land masses by prevailing winds. Prevailing winds are the winds that come primarily from one direction over a specific area on Earth. They are caused by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface and by Earth’s rotation. These winds carry masses of air from region to region. If a mass of air contains a great deal of moisture, precipitation occurs. During winter, the West Coast of North America gets a lot of rain because of prevailing winds. In Asia, these winds cause some regions to have monsoons while others are deserts.
50
How does temperature influence water availability?
Temperature also influences water availability. The higher temperature causes large amounts of water to be evaporated from the Earth’s surface through evaporation and transpiration. Water evaporation from ocean, lake, sea and land surfaces due to higher temperatures leads to decrease in water availability in some regions. Higher temperatures also lead to increase amount of moisture in the air, leading to increase in precipitation levels in some regions.
51
Remember: The recipe for lake-effect precipitation is pretty straightforward. First, you need cold, dry air. Next, add heat from a large body of water to create water vapor. As the vapor condenses and freezes, clouds form. And if it’s cold enough, voilà! You’ve got yourself some snow.
The recipe for lake-effect precipitation is pretty straightforward. First, you need cold, dry air. Next, add heat from a large body of water to create water vapor. As the vapor condenses and freezes, clouds form. And if it’s cold enough, voilà! You’ve got yourself some snow.
52
What is the climate of the windward, or upwind, side of a mountain? How about the leeward, or downwind side?
The wind blows warm, moist air from the ocean. The warm air is forced to travel upwards. The windward side of the mountain, also known as the upwind side, has a cool and wet climate. As the air rises, it cools and condenses due to the lower temperature. Clouds form as precipitation occurs before the air passes over the top of the mountain. The air travels down the leeward side of the mountain, also known as the downwind side. The air warm, compresses and evaporates. This side has a warm and dry climate.
53
True or False: Geology, climate, geography, and population growth influence the abundance of water
True
54
How does population growth influence the abundance of water?
Worldwide increases in human population affects Earth’s water supply. As the population increases, worldwide demand for water increases. This causes a decline in Earth’s water resources. Areas that are already suffering water shortages and gaining access to clean water continue to be greatly impacted. Currently, humans are withdrawing water from Earth’s aquifers at a faster rate than it can be recharged.
55
Recharge Definition
Restore or refill
56
What are three effects that can occur as humans consume more water than can be recharged? (Excessive groundwater pumping)
As humans consume more water than can be recharged, changes to Earth’s surface and water supply occur. Some major impacts are as follows: lowering of the water table, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion.
57
How does the lowering of the water table, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion occur?
As humans pump water out of the ground, the water table underneath the ground lowers. If the water table is not refilled at the rate that water is taken out, land subsidence occurs. This subsidence of land can cause many other issues, such as saltwater intrusion, to occur. Ultimately, this impacts the overall water supply. In addition, it impacts the quality of the water to which humans have access.
58
Land Subsidence Definition
Sinking of land
59
Saltwater Intrusion Definition
The movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers
60
How do the impacts of population growth on Earth’s water supply affect future populations?
Impacts such as saltwater intrusion could cause less clean drinking water to be available for future generations. As the water table lowers and is not recharged as quickly, the supply of water could be much less for future populations. As land continues to sink, threats of increased saltwater intrusion are more likely.
61
What would happen if the population started to decrease?
If the population started to decrease, the water supply could start to recharge at a faster rate. Water could be replenished in the aquifer, making water more accessible to future generations. Less threat of land subsidence and saltwater intrusion could be an overall outcome.
62
True or False: Scientists have determined that droughts, flooding, and wildfires are all being made more extreme by human-made climate change.
True
63
Remember: According to the UN World Meteorological Organization, 14 of the 15 hottest years on record have occurred since the year 2000. The trends show that Earth’s global average temperatures are continuing to increase. The reason for this increase is the addition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effects are far-reaching and are already having an effect on the water cycle and water resources.
According to the UN World Meteorological Organization, 14 of the 15 hottest years on record have occurred since the year 2000. The trends show that Earth’s global average temperatures are continuing to increase. The reason for this increase is the addition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effects are far-reaching and are already having an effect on the water cycle and water resources.
64
Global Average Temperature Definition
The average of thousands of temperature measurements in the atmosphere, oceans, and on land over a specific time period
65
How has climate change impacted evaporation and condensation?
As temperatures rise, the rate of evaporation increases. Areas that tend to be dry will experience more extreme drought. This is because warmer air holds more water than cooler air. Because the air is warmer, clouds will not condense as quickly. Some types of clouds help to cool the Earth by reflecting light from the sun back into space. Other types of clouds hold the heat in, just like greenhouse gases. Scientists have observed that more heat-trapping clouds are forming, adding to climate change.
66
How has climate change impacted precipitation and runoff?
While arid regions experience more extreme drought, regions that tend to receive more precipitation will face extreme storms. Warm air holds more water and is able to produce greater amounts of precipitation. In the Great Plains, Midwest, and Northeast regions of the U.S., the strongest storms have seen a 30% increase in the amount of rain produced. These intense rainstorms increase the risk of flooding. Runoff increases as rain increases. The ground is unable to absorb water fast enough, so water runs off, picking up debris and chemicals along the way. These wind up in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
67
How has climate change impacted glaciers and the snowpack?
As temperatures rise, the amount of snow and glacier coverage decreases. Snow and glaciers help to keep the atmosphere cooler by reflecting light from the sun back into space. As they melt, there is less white covering the ground. This increases the speed at which the atmosphere heats up. Each winter, snow falls in mountainous regions, storing water that melts later through the spring and summer. This snow melt provides water that people rely on for household, agricultural, and industrial use. As the Earth warms, much of the snowfall is replaced with rain. The snow that does fall arrives later and melts earlier. This changes the timing of the availability of water.
68
How has climate change impacted surface water?
Surface water, such as rivers and lakes, are also being affected by climate change. Increased heavy rains cause more runoff of fertilizers and pesticides from farmland. The runoff also carries increased sediments, causing turbidity in the water. Turbidity is cloudiness caused by stirred- up sediment; turbid water is not good for drinking and can be harmful to aquatic life. Warmer temperatures also increase the risk of algal blooms and bacterial growth. Humans rely on these limited supplies of freshwater for drinking water and irrigation. Near the coasts, freshwater is at risk of increased salinity. Rising ocean levels can push saltwater upstream into bodies of water, making them unusable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
69
How has climate change impacted groundwater?
Groundwater is more protected than surface water. However, it is at risk too. As water demands increase with temperature, more groundwater is extracted. This can lower the water table, which affects ecosystems which rely on the availability of groundwater. As the water table falls, plants’ roots can no longer reach it. Lower groundwater levels can also allow infiltration of saltwater along the ocean shore. As with surface water, saltwater intrusion into the water table can make the water unusable.
70
What are four ways climate change has impacted oceans?
- Warmer ocean temperatures fuel more intense storms, such as hurricanes.
- As the ice disappears, the darker colored ocean absorbs sunlight and becomes increasingly warm.
- Warmer ocean waters kill coral reefs, which provide a habitat for hundreds of types of organisms.
- In addition to becoming warmer, oceans are becoming more acidic. Acidic water dissolves the exoskeletons of shellfish, coral, and other organisms.
71
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, by what percentage has the acidity of the oceans increased?
30%
72
Turbidity Definition
Cloudiness in water caused by stirred up sediments or by algae or other microscopic organisms
73
What effect do clouds have on climate change?
Some types of clouds reflect light and cool the atmosphere while others hold onto heat like greenhouse gases.
74
How do warming temperatures affect storms?
Warming temperatures cause storms to be more severe and to produce more rain.
75
What happens as snow cover and glaciers disappear?
As snow cover and glaciers disappear, they reflect less light and atmospheric temperatures increase.
76
What effect do rising ocean levels have on coastal fresh water?
Rising ocean levels can infiltrate fresh water with salt water.
77
What causes coral bleaching?
Coral bleaching is caused by rising ocean temperatures.
78
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), since 1750, by how much has the sea level risen? Why? How much has the global average temperature risen over the same time period?
An average of 20 centimeters; This is due to a combination of continental snow and ice melting and water expanding as the water gets warmer. In the same time span, the global average temperature has risen just under 1.5°C (2.7°F).
79
What will happen to the sea level as Earth continues to warm? By how much do scientists predict sea levels will rise by the end of the 21st century?
As Earth warms, water levels will continue to rise, with most scientists predicting that ocean levels will rise between 0.5 and 2.0 meters (1.6 and 6.6 feet) by the end of the 21st century.
80
How does the rising of ocean levels pose a threat to costal ecosystems?
As the ocean levels rise, coastal ecosystems are in danger. Rising tides cause increased erosion. They also infiltrate coastal fresh water with salt water. The salt water reduces plant life which needs fresh water to survive; this affects the entire food web. Salt water also makes the water unusable for household, agricultural, and industrial needs.
81
How does the rising of ocean levels pose a threat to the human population?
The human population is also at risk. About 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers (62 miles) of a coast and 10% live less than 9 meters (29.5 feet) above sea level. This means that, as the oceans rise, over 600 million people worldwide could be displaced. Not only will this endanger human life, but it will also have dramatic economic impacts as houses, businesses, and infrastructure will need to be replaced.
82
On the pH scale, what is neutral? What are lower numbers called? How about higher numbers?
On the pH scale, seven is neutral, while lower numbers are acidic and higher numbers are basic.
83
True or False: Acidic water harms aquatic life, such as shellfish and corals, by dissolving the calcium in their shells.
True
84
Remember: Climatologists study a variety of measurements taken by agencies around the world to help them understand global warming. These measurements are called climate change indicators because they show the progression of global climate change.
Climatologists study a variety of measurements taken by agencies around the world to help them understand global warming. These measurements are called climate change indicators because they show the progression of global climate change.
85
True or False: Water determines how people move and where people live. Without fresh water, land is uninhabitable. With fresh water, land can be fertile and people can thrive. Water is used for much more than drinking; it irrigates farms, transports goods, and is a source of power. It is a key part of a thriving ecosystem.
True
86
What is the Atlantic costal plain, and which regions of the U.S. is it located in? What is the fall line? The fall line marks the boundary between which two regions on the Atlantic cost? What can be found at the fall line?
The Atlantic coastal plain is a large, mostly flat low area along the mid-Atlantic and southeast regions. Farther inland is an area where the land goes from low and flat to an elevated highland; this area is called the fall line. The fall line marks the boundary between the Piedmont Plateau and the coastal plain. As the name suggests, the fall line is where waterfalls and rapids are found.
87
Fall Line Definition
A narrow zone between an elevated region and a plain where rivers form falls and rapids
88
How are rivers upstream from the fall line? How are rivers downstream from the fall line? What influence did this feature have on the past and even today?
Upstream from the fall line, rivers move swiftly through narrow valleys. Downstream from the fall line, the rivers of the coastal plains are large, relatively calm, and navigable by large boats. This feature had a notable effect on the establishment of cities and colonies. Its effects are still seen today.
89
How did the features of rivers, in both the upstream section and downstream section from the fall line, influence European exploration of the New World? What did settlers do from settlements such as Jamestown?
For early Europeans seeking to reach the new world, travel by ship was the only option. Ships crossing the ocean landed on the East Coast of North America, where settlements such as Jamestown were established. From these initial strongholds, settlers continued to push west into the interior of the continent.
90
Early settlements, such as Jamestown, were established in which region of the Atlantic coast? How did colonists utilize the rivers in this region?
Settlements such as Jamestown sat on the coastal plain, the lowland area between the ocean and the foothills of the Appalachian mountains. Using the large rivers that cross the coastal plain, colonists were able to sail their ships upstream to continue exploring and settling new land.
91
Remember: Large ships entering from the Chesapeake Bay were able to navigate inland as the rivers were broad, deep, and slow moving. At the Piedmont plateau, the rivers became narrow and swift, filled with rapids and waterfalls. The point of change, where the coastal plain meets the plateau, is the fall line.
Large ships entering from the Chesapeake Bay were able to navigate inland as the rivers were broad, deep, and slow moving. At the Piedmont plateau, the rivers became narrow and swift, filled with rapids and waterfalls. The point of change, where the coastal plain meets the plateau, is the fall line.
92
How did the fall line influence trade, which in turn sparked the creation of early American cities on the fall line?
The fall line marked a natural boundary for larger ships. Trading posts were established up and down the fall line as ships stopped to unload their cargo. As westward expansion continued, and more and more people and goods arrived at the fall line, these small outposts grew into early American cities.
93
How is Interstate 95 an example of the fall line’s influence on American cultural development today?
The fall line’s influence on America’s cultural development continued into modern times. In the 1930s, the interstate highway system was designed to connect major metropolitan areas as efficiently as possible. Along the East Coast, Interstate 95 largely traces a path through the cities that were established along the fall line.
94
Remember: Richmond, Virginia, is located on the fall line of the James River, and is one of the oldest major cities in the United States. Its history, like the history of most other cities, was shaped by the availability of water resources.
Richmond, Virginia, is located on the fall line of the James River, and is one of the oldest major cities in the United States. Its history, like the history of most other cities, was shaped by the availability of water resources.
95
What made the Powhatan stop wanting to have a peaceful trading relationship with the English?
They were angered by the English continuing to encroach into their territory.
96
How did the colonists rely on the James River?
The colonists relied on the James River for bringing in supplies from England and for sending out tobacco to trade.
97
Why did George Washington want to build a canal?
George Washington wanted to find a way to connect the James and Ohio Rivers to enable goods to be shipped west of the Appalachian mountains.
98
Why was George Washington’s planned canal, to connect the James and Ohio Rivers, ultimately abandoned?
The canal was abandoned when railroads were able to be built faster and more cheaply.
99
What are three ways that water resources were important to Richmond’s development?
The James River helped the colonists explore the region, it was crucial to transporting goods to and from Richmond, and the canal helped to make Richmond an economic center.
100
By 2025, what fraction of the world’s population does the World Wildlife Fund predict will face water scarcity? Which four cities in the United States are experiencing a steady decline in their water reserves?
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) predicts that by 2025, more than two-thirds of the world's population will face water scarcity. Cities such as Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, Austin, and Miami are experiencing a steady decline in their water reserves.
101
True or False: Water being a human right is one of the main debates concerning water usage and water management
True
102
What are three controversies over water in the United States?
- privatization of water treatment
- bottled vs. tap water
- building dams on rivers
103
In most major U.S. cities, what is the treatment, distribution, and recycling of water funded by? What is causing municipalities to consider water privatization?
Currently in most major U.S. cities, the treatment, distribution, and recycling of water is funded by taxpayers. But as municipalities struggle with weakened infrastructures, many are considering privatizing all or part of this process. As cities consider water privatization, they must think about the advantages and disadvantages of such a move.
104
What is a benefit of private water, concerning employment, investing, and care?
Private companies can invest more money and bring in employees that have special expertise. They can provide a higher level of care and devotion to enhance the wastewater system.
105
How does water privatization help municipalities, in terms of taxation?
Privately owned companies help municipalities because they pay local, state, and federal tax.
106
What is a negative of public water, concerning funding, infrastructure, and utilities?
Public water faces many concerns. Due to lack of funding, public water utilities are facing challenges with replacing and updating outdated infrastructure and aging pipes.
107
How is the fast rate of raising money and acquiring loans a benefit of private water?
Private corporations can raise money or acquire loans faster than the government to repair and build new water infrastructures.
108
How is profit being the main objective a negative of water privatization?
Profit is the focus of private companies. Private companies ultimately answer to their stakeholders, not consumers.
109
How is the staggering amount private companies may charge a negative of water privatization? What does this result in for citizens who can not afford to pay the fee?
Private companies may charge citizens more than a government would. If water is too expensive to buy, some citizens may be denied access to water because they cannot pay the fee.
110
How does the government having to monitor private companies serve as a negative for water privatization?
The government has to monitor that private water companies follow regulations and standards. What are the chances of this actually happening?
111
What is an example of a water privatization controversy in Michigan?
One example of a controversy involving the privatization of water is taking place in Michigan. On April 2, 2018, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality approved a plan that would allow a bottled water company to pump 400 gallons of water a minute from White Pine Springs. That equates to over 210 billion gallons of water a year. The only requirement is that the company pay $200 a year to the state of Michigan for the permit fee.
112
True or False: a bottle of water contains lots of hidden costs (negative for bottled water)
True
113
True or False: In 2003, people in the U.S. spent about $9 billion on bottled water. (negative for bottled water)
True
114
What three factors cause high variability in river volume?
The volume of water in a river is highly variable depending on the time of year, on specific variations in the weather from one year to the next, and on human usage.
115
How does the amount of precipitation affect river levels?
The amount of precipitation is the largest influence on water levels. Regions with more precipitation will have more water draining into the stream.
116
How do different seasons lead to variations in river levels?
In very hot periods, such as summer, evaporation can lead to river level decreases. During the winter, snowfall accumulates and is stored until the spring. In spring, melting snow and spring rain empty into streams and this increases water levels and flow.
117
How does the action of taking water from a watershed for human consumption affect river levels?
Water is removed from a watershed through human consumption and municipal, industrial, and agricultural use.
118
How does constructing a dam affect river levels?
Constructing a dam creates a reservoir of water upstream. This increases the water level but decreases the water level downstream.
119
How is climate change affecting river levels?
Due to global climate changes, expected water levels are beginning to change as well. Areas on the U.S. East Coast are experiencing more precipitation, while areas in the western U.S. are experiencing drier summers. Many areas rely on snow melt to fill rivers. As the temperatures stay high in the mountains, snow will melt earlier in the season. This means by summer no snow melt is left to fill rivers and streams.
120
What do dams do? What are their benefits and uses? What are their negatives?
Dams block and harness rivers for many different purposes. The creation of a dam provides many benefits, such as hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and water storage. However, a dam can have negative impacts on the river’s water quality, water supply, aquatic organisms, and the surrounding ecosystem. Dams negatively impact water quality because they can lead to algal blooms and increase the salt level of the water.
121
Algal Boom Definition
rapid growth in the algae population in a body of water
122
How is a dam created?
First, a diversion channel is created, running parallel to where the dam will be created. The channel then funnels water around the area where construction will take place. Walls are then built, which will help divert the water into the channel and keep the water out of the area where the dam will be built. The section between the two walls is then drained of water and the dam is built. Once the dam is complete, the diverted water is restored to the river.
123
How does a dam produce hydroelectricity?
The dam controls the water flow and can create a reservoir upstream. When the water is released, it flows through the dam where a turbine is located. The mechanical energy of the moving water turns the turbine. The generator converts the kinetic energy of the turbine into electricity. The transformers convert the electricity to a higher voltage. Power lines transmit electricity to homes and businesses.
124
How does the completion of dams restrict the movement of fish, sediments, and nutrients? What do the trapped sediments and nutrients cause? How does this affect the quality of the water, the environment, and aquatic life?
Now that the dam is complete, fish cannot cross it. But aquatic animals are not the only ones trapped. Sediments and nutrients in the water cannot move like before. The trapped sediments and nutrients cause excessive algae growth, which depletes the oxygen. This makes the water unfit for aquatic animals, swimming, and drinking.
125
How do dams increase the salinity of water? What does this do to aquatic life and the environment?
The salinity of the water also increases. The dam stops water from flowing downstream so the water spreads out, creating a larger surface area. Evaporation begins to happen more quickly, which leaves behind saltier water. This salinity hurts aquatic organisms, corrodes pipes and machinery, and affects farming.
126
How do dams affect the riverbed, the water supply in aquifers, and the supply of groundwater?
As the water falls from the dam, it picks up sediment and carries it downstream. This deepens the riverbed. The deeper river carries more water which it drains from the aquifer. As a result, the groundwater level drops and plants and wells cannot access it.
127
True or False: The Rio Grande River has 21 dams. The map shows the location of several dams on the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers. The Pecos River is the main tributary of the Rio Grande.
True
128
True or False: The water in the Rio Grande River is in great demand for agricultural purposes in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico.
True
129
True or False: The water flow and water levels of the Rio Grande have been steadily decreasing since the 1990s.
True
130
How is the Rio Grande River facing both physical and economic water scarcity?
The region around the Rio Grande River faces both physical and economic water scarcity. Arid regions most often face physical water scarcity; however, physical scarcity can also be human-made. The Rio Grande River basin in the U.S. is one of the examples of how an abundant source of water was overused and overmanaged, leading to physical water scarcity downstream. Economic water scarcity refers to situations where proper infrastructure in water distribution, water recycling and treatment, and sanitation are lacking, leading to inadequate water supply.
131
How is an increase in temperature from climate change contributing to the Rio Grande Water Crisis?
```
• decline in mountain snowpack
• reduced volume of water in stream
• fluctuation in water levels and flow
downstream
• periods of droughts downstream
```
132
How is a decline in precipitationcontributing to the Rio Grande Water Crisis?
Causes drought
133
How is population growth contributing to the Rio Grande Water Crisis?
* increase in demand for water supply
* physical water scarcity downstream
* economic water scarcity downstream
134
How is an overuse of water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses contributing to the Rio Grande Water Crisis?
* decline in ecosystem
* physical water scarcity downstream
* economic water scarcity downstream
135
How is the construction of dams contributing to the Rio Grande Water Crisis?
* decreased water levels and flow downstream causing periods of droughts
* increase in water salinity
* increase in algal blooms
136
Remember: Rapid urban growth, water pollution, climate change, and incompetent management of water and wastewater infrastructures in cities can lead to flooding, water scarcity, and negative health effects. Cities can be categorized water-wise cities and wasteful cities based on their citizens' environmental awareness and how they integrate water management and urban planning.
Rapid urban growth, water pollution, climate change, and incompetent management of water and wastewater infrastructures in cities can lead to flooding, water scarcity, and negative health effects. Cities can be categorized water-wise cities and wasteful cities based on their citizens' environmental awareness and how they integrate water management and urban planning.
137
Remember: People need water to drink, but they also need water to bathe, cook, and clean their homes. Waterways are used for transportation and trade, and they can be used to generate electricity. Farmers need water for their crops, and factories need water for industrial uses. With so many competing demands, conflicts about water rights are common all over the world. There are many debates over who has the right to use water—and how much.
People need water to drink, but they also need water to bathe, cook, and clean their homes. Waterways are used for transportation and trade, and they can be used to generate electricity. Farmers need water for their crops, and factories need water for industrial uses. With so many competing demands, conflicts about water rights are common all over the world. There are many debates over who has the right to use water—and how much.
138
What are three global debates over water rights?
- building dams on rivers
- managing cities' water supplies
- improving access to clean water and sanitation
139
How many people worldwide experience physical water scarcity? What is physical water scarcity? What is economic water scarcity?
Over 1.2 billion people worldwide have limited access to water supplies, which is a problem known as physical water scarcity. Even more people live in areas with a lack of money and resources to use existing sources of water, which is a problem known as economic water scarcity. Competition for water resources happens all around the world.
140
Physical Water Scarcity Definition
when there is limited access to water supply
141
Economic Water Scarcity Definition
when there is a lack of money and resources to utilize adequate sources of water
142
Water Privatization Definition
when private companies buy or operate public water utilities
143
How many school days are lost each year due to water-related illnesses?
443 million
144
What percentage of the world’s hospital patients are suffering from a water-related disease?
50%
145
What is the water shortage situation in Cape Town, South Africa? What caused this shortage?
Cape Town, South Africa, is experiencing a water shortage. Residents can only use 13 gallons of water per day. Cape Town is a bustling metropolis. Drought has decreased its water supplies while a growing population has increased demand.
146
How are the displacement of homes and deforestation negatives of dams, as seen in Pará, Brazil?
In Pará, Brazil, hydroelectric dams brought construction jobs and wider access to electricity, but they also displaced people from their homes. Brazil experienced heavy deforestation. Trees were destroyed along with many animals’ habitats.
147
True or False: Water is expensive. To save money, Berlin hired private water companies for water management. The result? Higher water prices and lower water quality. But there were a lot of protests. Berlin authorities were pressured to move the water back into the hands of locals.
True
148
What is the water pollution problem in China?
Some cities in China are known for air pollution. But China faces another issue—water pollution. Scientists have discovered that water harbors harmful bacteria and fungicides used for farming. Unsafe water means that people have to drill deeper into aquifers to find clean water.
149
True or False: By 2030, the United Nations strives for all people to have safe and equitable water access.
True
150
What is the issue with global water rights, concerning the Nile River Basin?
Since Egypt receives only a few millimeters of rainfall each year, it is dependent on the Nile River for most of its water needs. The Aswan High Dam was built in the 1960s to help control seasonal flooding of the Nile and protect against the effects of droughts. However, the dam traps sediment and prevents it from reaching the delta region. Erosion has increased as a result. Surface water in the delta is more polluted due to the lack of flooding. The Nile Waters Agreements are a set of treaties that give water rights to Egypt and Sudan. Other countries that are part of the Nile River Basin were not included in these treaties. Ethiopia is located upstream from Egypt and contains one of the sources of the Nile, Lake Taru. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, currently under construction, will be the largest dam in Africa. The dam will help provide electricity for millions of Ethiopian and Sudanese residents. River water levels will be steadier in Sudan, making irrigation projects easier to manage. However, the dam will give Ethiopia greater control over the flow of the Nile in countries downstream. It may decrease water levels in Egypt, especially as the dam’s reservoir is filled. Egypt is concerned it will face a water shortage.
151
Sanitation Definition
systems to treat and dispose of waste to prevent the spread of disease
152
Remember: To ensure equitable allocation of water, the Colorado River Compact agreement was made in 1922 and divided the river basin into an upper and lower basin. The compact allocated 7.5 million acre-feet of water to each basin annually. In addition, a water treaty between the U.S. and Mexico was made during World War II agreeing to give 1.5 million acre-feet to Mexico. The river has been running low since the 2000s, and drought has gripped the southwestern U.S. Read about the decreasing water levels at Lake Mead.
To ensure equitable allocation of water, the Colorado River Compact agreement was made in 1922 and divided the river basin into an upper and lower basin. The compact allocated 7.5 million acre-feet of water to each basin annually. In addition, a water treaty between the U.S. and Mexico was made during World War II agreeing to give 1.5 million acre-feet to Mexico. The river has been running low since the 2000s, and drought has gripped the southwestern U.S. Read about the decreasing water levels at Lake Mead.
