Natural Population Change in The United Kingdom

Question 1

population change - death rate

Answer 1

18 per 1000 - 1901

9 per 1000 - 2012

Question 2

population change - infant mortality rate

Answer 2

142 per 1000 - 1901

4 per 1000 - 2012

Question 3

population change - average life expectancy

Answer 3

79 - men

83 - women

Question 4

population change - improved hygiene, sanitation, medicine (less death)

Answer 4

people now survive illnesses that would have killed them
construction of public sewer system - 1866
distribution of clean water
improved public awareness of hygiene
advances in medicine/science, surgery, medical technology

Question 5

population change - higher living standards (less death)

Answer 5

improved health and life expectancy
higher wages
more nutritious food
appliance and improved housing conditions

Question 6

population change - public health & welfare (less death)

Answer 6

NHS (1948) provides free healthcare, made childbirth safer

welfare benefits maintains standard of health and caring for older people

Question 7

population change - health education (less death)

Answer 7

better informed public
growing awareness of nutrition
improved educational standards

Question 8

population change - improved working conditions (less death)

Answer 8

technology taken over health-damaging tasks
factory machine safer
shorter working house, more leisure time reduces risks of health

Question 9

population change - birth rate

Answer 9

29 per 1000 - 1901

13 per 1000 - 2012

Question 10

population change - genera total fertility rate

Answer 10

2. 8 children per women - 1901

1. 9 - 2012

Question 11

population change - average family size

Answer 11

6 dependent children p/family - 1901

2.4 - 2014

Question 12

population change - contraception (less births)

Answer 12

family planning easier
more effective, safer methods of birth control
more accepting
growing secularisation 
availability of legal/safe abortion

Question 13

population change - compulsory education (less births)

Answer 13

children no longer seen as economic asset, drain on resources

Question 14

population change - rising costs of children (less births)

Answer 14

child-centred society
58% of parents mention money being reason for declining family size
average cost of raising a child £271,000
ensure child has high standard of living

Question 15

population change - changing position of women (less births)

Answer 15

feminism & greater employment opportunities - women have less desire to spend years bearing and rearing children
more desire for degree and rewarding career

Question 16

population change - declining infant mortality rate (less births)

Answer 16

parents used to have many children as safeguard against them dying
fewer people now die before adulthood
agencies help elderly so less reliant on care from their children

Question 17

population change - geographical mobile labour force (less births)

Answer 17

encourages smaller families as easier to pack up and move

Question 18

population change - consequences of an ageing population

Answer 18

older people are healthier, fitter and more independent

Question 19

population change - boost to the economy (ageing pop advantage)

Answer 19

grey pound contributes to UK economy

employers can’t force workers to retire, older people work for longer

Question 20

population change - social cohesion & community involvement (ageing pop advantage)

Answer 20

older people play a role in the community to stay active after retiring
supports informal social networks

Question 21

population change - family support (ageing pop advantage)

Answer 21

provides unpaid childcare & financial, practical, emotional assistance (costs £72 p/week)
bringing return to extended/beanpole family

Question 22

population change - less crime (ageing pop advantages)

Answer 22

more law-abiding

Question 23

population change - growing burden of dependence (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 23

increasing number of older people having to be supported by decreasing number of working population (high tax)
occupy half of the people spent in hospitals
consume 60% of 1 billion drugs prescribed
pensions timebomb: welfare budget spent on pensions keeps on rising

Question 24

population change - loss of skill/experience from labour force (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 24

take long time to replace

employers regard young workers less reliable and committed

Question 25

population change - more one-person households (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 25

growing individualisation,breakdown of extended family put pressure on local authorities as theres no family support

Question 26

population change - family stress (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 26

emotional & overcrowding if elderly moves in

may cause conflict and increase costs

Question 27

population change - more work for women (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 27

caring for an elderly fall to women

Question 28

population change - housing shortages (ageing pop disadvantages)

Answer 28

difficult finding homes as older people occupy them for longer