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BME 312 Exam 3 > Natural Polymers > Flashcards

Natural Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 75% of worldwide plastic production?

A

Thermoplastics

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2
Q

What are the pros of using natural polymers (4)

A
  • environmentally friendly
  • emit low greenhouse gas
  • low cytotoxicity and biocompatible
  • sourced from nature
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3
Q

What kind of polymer is mostly found in plants and makes up 75% of all organic material on earth

A

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What polymer is a long polymer chain composed of monosaccharide units bounded together by glycosidic links?

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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6
Q

What polymer consists of 30% amylose-linear and 70% amylopectin-branched?

A

Starch

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7
Q

What is familar to human blood and made mainly by plants and algae?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What is insoluable in cold water, hydroscopic, and used in bone replacement implants?

A

Starch

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9
Q

What polymer is sourced from crustasean shells?

A

chitin

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10
Q

What polymer is a highly crystalline structure, and is strong, rigid, and linear? It has trouble dissolving in common organic solvents.

A

chitin

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11
Q

What is derived from chitin?

A

Chitosan

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12
Q

What is a linear polymer that consists of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine monomers linked by glycosidic bonds?

A

chitosan

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13
Q

What are the processing steps from Chitin to Chitosan? (4)

A
  1. Deproteination
  2. Demineralization
  3. Discoloration
  4. Deacetylation
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14
Q

What are the 10 properties of Chitosan

A

antioxidant, hemostatic, immunity enhancing, antimicrobial, analgesic, biocompatible and biodegradable, expediate blood clotting, anti-tumor, chileating, almost water soluable

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15
Q

What is the antimicrobial activity of chitosan

A

Penetration of chitosan into nuclei depriving cells of nutrients

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16
Q

anti-tumor activity of chitosan

A

It enhances cytotoxic activity against tumors

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17
Q

What is chelation?

A

ability to absorb metal ions

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18
Q

What polymer is a linear homopolysaccharide of glucose that is described as a linked maltotriose and secreted primarily by strains of fungus

A

pullulan

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19
Q

What are pullulan properties (7)

A

flexible, hydrophillic, dissolves in water, non-hydroscopic, adhesive properties, water impermeable properties, odorless, tasteless, edible, transparent, low viscosity

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20
Q

What are 4 methods to alter properties of pullulan

A

reduce water solubility, hydrogenation increases stability, carboxylation enhances solubility in cold water, copolymerization change function and abilities

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21
Q

What are the limitations of pullulan

A

Mechanical properties are weak and the price is high

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22
Q

What polymer is a water-swollen, cross linked polymeric network produced by reaction of one or more monomers

A

Hydrogels

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23
Q

What polymer has the ability to swell and retain a significant amount of water but
will not dissolve in water?

A

Hydrogels

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24
Q

What is alginate?

A

Naturally occurring brown seaweed
extracted from brown algae

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25
What polymers is now known to be a whole family of linear copolymers containing blocks of (1,4)-linked β - D-mannuronate (M) and α-l- guluronate (G) residues
Alginate
26
What are alginate's properties (4)
enhanced by increasing length of G-block and molecular weight, range of chemical structures, biocompatibility, low toxicity
27
What are some applications of alginate? (3)
wound healing, delivery of bioactive agents, pharma
28
What polymer is a long unbranched polysaccharide chain, composed of twin sugar units?
Hyaluronic Acid
29
What polymer belongs to the same class of compounds as starch and cellulose?
hyaluronic acid
30
where is hyaluronic acid found?
Naturally in the extracellular matrix of skin, cartilage, vitreous humor (eye), and other body tissue
31
What are the biological functions of hyaluronic acid?
joint synovial, vitreous fluid, control of tissue hydration and water transplant
32
what is hyaluronic acid's function in the body
bind water and lubricate moveable parts of the body such as joints and muscles
33
properties of hyaluronic acid
hydrophillic, hygroscopic, high viscosity, high capacity of lubrication, water sorption and water retention
34
applications of hyaluronic acid
ophthalmic surgery in local anesthetics, reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivty associated with pain, development of cartilage, regeneration of tendons
35
limitations of hyaluronic acid
both hyaluronic acid and the enzymes that eliinate HA can correlate with cancer progression
36
what is the extracellular matrix
non-cellular thre-dimensional macromolecules network and composed of many entities
37
functions of extracellular matrix
forming an essential support structure for cells, controlling communication between cells, segregating tissues, regulating cell processes such as growth, migration and differentiation
38
Properties of the extracellular matrix
Provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells; scaffolding, rigid, dense, porous, insoluble, contributes to the mechanical properties of tissues, reservoir of growth factors and bioactive molecule Biodegradable, Biocompatible, Determines and controls fundamental behaviors and characteristics of cells, proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarity, differentiation, apoptosis
39
what does the extracellular matrix consist of
Glycosaminoglycans, Collagen and other glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Elastins, Growth factors, cytokines, enzymes and their inhibitors, Fibronectin, and laminins
40
biomedical applications of extracellular matrix
tissue repair, organ transplantation, regeneration
41
What is the most abundant protein of animal origin
collagen
42
what makes up almost 30% od the ttal protein in the human body
collagen
43
what is the main structual protein found in connective tissue
collagen
44
what forms the structual network of tissues such as blood vessels, bones, and cartilages?
collagen
45
what chemical structure is collagen?
triple helix
46
what are some applications of collagen? (2)
drug delivery systems & hemostatic sealant
47
How do you alter the properties of collagen? (3)
Utilize functional groups, drying, heat induced hydrolysis
48
What polymer is the major component of hair, feathers, wool and horns?
keratin
49
what polymer s a fibrous structual protein: made up of amino acids that form repeating structures?
keratin
50
What is keratin?
Fibrous structural protein found in animal cells and used to form specialized tissues
51
What is the most abundant structual protein?
Keratin
52
What are the general properties of keratin? (7)
Biodegradable Biocompatible Insoluble in water Can absorb heavy metal ions High stability Can absorb formaldehyde High toughness and high modulus
53
What are the applications of keratin? (5)
water purification and air cleansing wound healing bone regeneration hemostasis nerve repair
54
How do you alter the properties of keratin? (4)
purify, rehydrated, crosslinking, redox reactions to extract
55
What is silk fibroin?
a fibrous protein composed of 17 amino acids
56
What natural polymer is a peptide copolymer?
silk fibroin
57
What are the general properties of silk fibroin? (7)
Excellent durability Biocompatible lightweight High strength High toughness with elasticity up to 35% Elasticity 4-7 times higher than Kevlar Stable under heat
58
How do you alter the properties of silk? (3)
solvent processing, regulate crystallinity, molecular weight density change
59
How to processes silk?
gas forming, salt leaching, electrospinning, electro sprayings
60
What are the limitations of silk?
difficult to produce large quantities
61
What are polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)?
polyesters produced by direct fermentation - synthesized from feedstocks
62
What is the chemical structure of PHAs? (3)
1. short chain legth PHAs (3-5 carbon atoms) 2. medium chain length PHAs (6-14 carbon atoms) 3. long chain length PHAs (17-18 carbon atoms)
63
What are the general properties of PHAs? (7)
Biodegradable, Biocompatible Low permeability to water UV resistant Optical activity, Antioxidant properties, Piezoelectricity-electric charge due to stress stiff - high tensile strength
64
How can we alter properties of PHA? (3)
varying composition of cutlure medium and tailoring chemical structure of polymer, processing, changing content
65
What are applications of PHA? (4)
fabricate packaging, glues and fillers, personal hygiene materials, food
66
What are the limitations of PHAs?
processing is tricky, melt & twin-screw extrusion
67
What are polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)?
natural polymers made from renewable biomass (part of the PHA family)
68
What are the three classes of PHB?
low molecular weightm high molecular weight, ultra high molecular weight
69
What are the two carbon chain classifications?
short chain lengths (3-5 carbon atoms per unit) medium chain lengths (6-14 carbon atoms per unit)
70
what are the general properties of PHBs? (7)
biodegradable, crystalline, brittle, biodecomposable, non-toxic, insoluable in water, piezoelectric
71
How is PHB synthesized?
produced by sugars and plant oils
72
What are the applications of PHBs? (6)
packaging, patches, grafts, heart valves, drug release, tissue scaffolds
73
Limitations of PHB?
high production cost (carbon substrate cost)
74
limitations of PHBs?
high melting point can make it difficult to process

BME 312 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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