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BME 312 Exam 3 > Natural Polymers > Flashcards

Natural Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 75% of worldwide plastic production?

A

Thermoplastics

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2
Q

What are the pros of using natural polymers (4)

A
  • environmentally friendly
  • emit low greenhouse gas
  • low cytotoxicity and biocompatible
  • sourced from nature
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3
Q

What kind of polymer is mostly found in plants and makes up 75% of all organic material on earth

A

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What polymer is a long polymer chain composed of monosaccharide units bounded together by glycosidic links?

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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6
Q

What polymer consists of 30% amylose-linear and 70% amylopectin-branched?

A

Starch

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7
Q

What is familar to human blood and made mainly by plants and algae?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What is insoluable in cold water, hydroscopic, and used in bone replacement implants?

A

Starch

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9
Q

What polymer is sourced from crustasean shells?

A

chitin

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10
Q

What polymer is a highly crystalline structure, and is strong, rigid, and linear? It has trouble dissolving in common organic solvents.

A

chitin

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11
Q

What is derived from chitin?

A

Chitosan

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12
Q

What is a linear polymer that consists of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine monomers linked by glycosidic bonds?

A

chitosan

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13
Q

What are the processing steps from Chitin to Chitosan? (4)

A
  1. Deproteination
  2. Demineralization
  3. Discoloration
  4. Deacetylation
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14
Q

What are the 10 properties of Chitosan

A

antioxidant, hemostatic, immunity enhancing, antimicrobial, analgesic, biocompatible and biodegradable, expediate blood clotting, anti-tumor, chileating, almost water soluable

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15
Q

What is the antimicrobial activity of chitosan

A

Penetration of chitosan into nuclei depriving cells of nutrients

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16
Q

anti-tumor activity of chitosan

A

It enhances cytotoxic activity against tumors

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17
Q

What is chelation?

A

ability to absorb metal ions

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18
Q

What polymer is a linear homopolysaccharide of glucose that is described as a linked maltotriose and secreted primarily by strains of fungus

A

pullulan

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19
Q

What are pullulan properties (7)

A

flexible, hydrophillic, dissolves in water, non-hydroscopic, adhesive properties, water impermeable properties, odorless, tasteless, edible, transparent, low viscosity

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20
Q

What are 4 methods to alter properties of pullulan

A

reduce water solubility, hydrogenation increases stability, carboxylation enhances solubility in cold water, copolymerization change function and abilities

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21
Q

What are the limitations of pullulan

A

Mechanical properties are weak and the price is high

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22
Q

What polymer is a water-swollen, cross linked polymeric network produced by reaction of one or more monomers

A

Hydrogels

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23
Q

What polymer has the ability to swell and retain a significant amount of water but
will not dissolve in water?

A

Hydrogels

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24
Q

What is alginate?

A

Naturally occurring brown seaweed
extracted from brown algae

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25
Q

What polymers is now known to be a whole family of linear copolymers
containing blocks of (1,4)-linked
β - D-mannuronate (M) and α-l-
guluronate (G) residues

A

Alginate

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26
Q

What are alginate’s properties (4)

A

enhanced by increasing length of G-block and molecular weight, range of chemical structures, biocompatibility, low toxicity

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27
Q

What are some applications of alginate? (3)

A

wound healing, delivery of bioactive agents, pharma

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28
Q

What polymer is a long unbranched
polysaccharide chain,
composed of twin sugar
units?

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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29
Q

What polymer belongs to the same class of compounds as starch and cellulose?

A

hyaluronic acid

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30
Q

where is hyaluronic acid found?

A

Naturally in the extracellular matrix of skin, cartilage, vitreous humor (eye), and other body tissue

31
Q

What are the biological functions of hyaluronic acid?

A

joint synovial, vitreous fluid, control of tissue hydration and water transplant

32
Q

what is hyaluronic acid’s function in the body

A

bind water and lubricate moveable parts of the body such as joints and muscles

33
Q

properties of hyaluronic acid

A

hydrophillic, hygroscopic, high viscosity, high capacity of lubrication, water sorption and water retention

34
Q

applications of hyaluronic acid

A

ophthalmic surgery in local anesthetics, reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivty associated with pain, development of cartilage, regeneration of tendons

35
Q

limitations of hyaluronic acid

A

both hyaluronic acid and the enzymes that eliinate HA can correlate with cancer progression

36
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

non-cellular thre-dimensional macromolecules network and composed of many entities

37
Q

functions of extracellular matrix

A

forming an essential support
structure for cells, controlling communication
between cells, segregating tissues, regulating cell processes such as
growth, migration and
differentiation

38
Q

Properties of the extracellular matrix

A

Provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells; scaffolding, rigid, dense, porous,
insoluble, contributes to the
mechanical properties of tissues, reservoir of growth factors and bioactive molecule

Biodegradable, Biocompatible, Determines and controls fundamental behaviors and characteristics of cells, proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarity, differentiation, apoptosis

39
Q

what does the extracellular matrix consist of

A

Glycosaminoglycans, Collagen and other glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Elastins, Growth factors, cytokines,
enzymes and their inhibitors, Fibronectin, and laminins

40
Q

biomedical applications of extracellular matrix

A

tissue repair, organ transplantation, regeneration

41
Q

What is the most abundant protein of animal origin

A

collagen

42
Q

what makes up almost 30% od the ttal protein in the human body

A

collagen

43
Q

what is the main structual protein found in connective tissue

A

collagen

44
Q

what forms the structual network of tissues such as blood vessels, bones, and cartilages?

A

collagen

45
Q

what chemical structure is collagen?

A

triple helix

46
Q

what are some applications of collagen? (2)

A

drug delivery systems & hemostatic sealant

47
Q

How do you alter the properties of collagen? (3)

A

Utilize functional groups, drying, heat induced hydrolysis

48
Q

What polymer is the major component of hair, feathers, wool and horns?

A

keratin

49
Q

what polymer s a fibrous structual protein: made up of amino acids that form repeating structures?

A

keratin

50
Q

What is keratin?

A

Fibrous structural protein found in animal cells and used to form specialized tissues

51
Q

What is the most abundant structual protein?

A

Keratin

52
Q

What are the general properties of keratin? (7)

A

Biodegradable
Biocompatible
Insoluble in water
Can absorb heavy metal ions
High stability
Can absorb formaldehyde
High toughness and high modulus

53
Q

What are the applications of keratin? (5)

A

water purification and air cleansing
wound healing
bone regeneration
hemostasis
nerve repair

54
Q

How do you alter the properties of keratin? (4)

A

purify, rehydrated, crosslinking, redox reactions to extract

55
Q

What is silk fibroin?

A

a fibrous protein composed of 17 amino acids

56
Q

What natural polymer is a peptide copolymer?

A

silk fibroin

57
Q

What are the general properties of silk fibroin? (7)

A

Excellent durability
Biocompatible
lightweight
High strength
High toughness with elasticity up to 35%
Elasticity 4-7 times higher than Kevlar
Stable under heat

58
Q

How do you alter the properties of silk? (3)

A

solvent processing, regulate crystallinity, molecular weight density change

59
Q

How to processes silk?

A

gas forming, salt leaching, electrospinning, electro sprayings

60
Q

What are the limitations of silk?

A

difficult to produce large quantities

61
Q

What are polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)?

A

polyesters produced by direct fermentation - synthesized from feedstocks

62
Q

What is the chemical structure of PHAs? (3)

A
  1. short chain legth PHAs (3-5 carbon atoms)
  2. medium chain length PHAs (6-14 carbon atoms)
  3. long chain length PHAs (17-18 carbon atoms)
63
Q

What are the general properties of PHAs? (7)

A

Biodegradable, Biocompatible
Low permeability to water
UV resistant
Optical activity,
Antioxidant properties,
Piezoelectricity-electric charge due to stress
stiff - high tensile strength

64
Q

How can we alter properties of PHA? (3)

A

varying composition of cutlure medium and tailoring chemical structure of polymer, processing, changing content

65
Q

What are applications of PHA? (4)

A

fabricate packaging, glues and fillers, personal hygiene materials, food

66
Q

What are the limitations of PHAs?

A

processing is tricky, melt & twin-screw extrusion

67
Q

What are polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)?

A

natural polymers made from renewable biomass (part of the PHA family)

68
Q

What are the three classes of PHB?

A

low molecular weightm high molecular weight, ultra high molecular weight

69
Q

What are the two carbon chain classifications?

A

short chain lengths (3-5 carbon atoms per unit)
medium chain lengths (6-14 carbon atoms per unit)

70
Q

what are the general properties of PHBs? (7)

A

biodegradable, crystalline, brittle, biodecomposable, non-toxic, insoluable in water, piezoelectric

71
Q

How is PHB synthesized?

A

produced by sugars and plant oils

72
Q

What are the applications of PHBs? (6)

A

packaging, patches, grafts, heart valves, drug release, tissue scaffolds

73
Q

Limitations of PHB?

A

high production cost (carbon substrate cost)

74
Q

limitations of PHBs?

A

high melting point can make it difficult to process

BME 312 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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