Natural Increase as component of population change and DTM Flashcards
Natural increase
Rate at which population is growing naturally, excluding gains from migrations
Birth Rate
Give example
average number of children born per 1000 people per year
Eg. Niger, Africa 2011 highest was 46/1000
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 per year
Fertility rate
both individual and general
Individual - average number of children each woman give birth to in country
General - number of births in a year per 1000 woman
Infant death rate
Number of deaths of babies under 1 year of age per 1000 live births per year
Life expectancy
avg number of years from birth which a person is expected to live
Factors affecting fertility rates
Social/cultural
Economic
Environmental
Political
Social and Cultural Factors - Lics, woman encouraged to have lots of children as it’s traditional. Education, birth control, legal abortion.
Economic Factors - LICs children are viewed as an economic asset (farm work), in HICs children are more expensive to raise therefore have less. Employers don’t want to lose valuable female workers, lifestyle choice ie. spending money on holidays.
Environmental Factors - natural disasters
Political - governments rules either to decrease or increase fertility rate, wars
Factors affecting death rates
- social
- economic
- environmental
- Political
- Woman gaining better knowledge for healthcare/need for better hygiene
- Mothers finding paid work so can afford a better diet/provide better nutrition for them and child
- Putting in place safe water strategies and ensuring food supply is plentiful in quality and quantity
- empowerment of woman allowing them to have a voice through campaigning and setting up action groups.
Dependency definition in terms of population structure
reliance for survival on support provided by another or others
Dependency ratio
Define then give the formula
relationship between economically active and non-economically active population.
Young dependents% + Old dependents%
Divide by working population %
then x 100
Demographic transition
What does it show?
change of birth and death rates from high to low over time
Stage one of DT
HIGH STATIONARY
Pre-industrial society
Death and birth rates high and fluctuating
Natural increase = low
high infant morality
Stage 2 of DT
EARLY EXPANDING - Yemen
birth rates remain high but death rates drop rapidly due to :
- improved farming therefore better food supply
- improved basic health care
- improved water supply
- improve in transport
results in higher life expectancy
EG. europe in 18th century was agricultural revolution
Stage 3 of DT
LATE EXPANDING - most LICs
birth rate fell rapidly
death rates fall more slowly
improved health care
improved sewerage, sanitation (eradicates disease)
improved diet due to agricultural improvements
increase in wages therefore families don’t need as many children
Stage 4 of DT
LOW STATIONARY - USA/Australia
both death and birth rates low
total population is high and stable
death rate may increase slightly due to life style disease - less exercise is cancer
Stage 5 of DT
original DTM has 4 stages
EG. Japan/germany
original DTM has 4 stages
some people think stage 5 represents countries which have gone through economic transition - deindustrialisation
high economic development results in large aging population
Limitations and criticism of DTM
- only suggestion about future levels and not a prediction
- generalisation that applies to these countries as a group and might not accurately describe all individual cases
- does not factor in change to population due to migration, nor does it account for disease outbreaks such as aids
Impacts of youthful populations
- food supply increase needed to feed all extra non productive population
- pressure on health care service - high birth rate means more midwives needed/vaccines
- shortage of schools therefore pressure on government to provide facilities and may create tax increase
- could increase unemployment as they grow up
Issues of ageing population
- fewer economically active means fewer pay income taxes
- extra stress on health care systems such as NHS
