Natural Hazrads Section A

Question 1

What is a natural hazard

Answer 1

A natural process that could cause death, injury or destruction

Question 2

What is a natural disaster

Answer 2

A natural hazard that happened

Question 3

What are the two types of natural hazards

Answer 3

Geological and meteorological

Question 4

What is a geological hazard

Answer 4

A hazard cause by land and tectonic processes e.g volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 5

What is meteorological hazards

Answer 5

Hazards that are cause by weather or climate e.g tropical storms or extreme weather

Question 6

What are the two factors that effect hazard probability

Answer 6

Vulnerability and capacity to cope

Question 7

What are two primary effects of a natural disaster

Answer 7

Destruction cause by a volcano or earthquake, people killed or injured and water supply damaged or contaminated

Question 8

What are some secondary effects

Answer 8

Food shortages. Diseases due to contaminated water. The initial hazard trigger another hazard

Question 9

What do primary and secondary effects lead to

Answer 9

Immediate and long term responses

Question 10

State some immediate responses

Answer 10

Treat the injured. Provide food drink and water. Aid donations and help

Question 11

State some long term responses

Answer 11

Repair homes. Improve forecasting and evacuation plans. Boost economic recovery.

Question 12

Rank them earths layers from outer to inner

Answer 12

Crust , mantle , outer core , inner core

Question 13

What is a tectonic plate

Answer 13

A tectonic plate is a slab divided from the earths crust that floats on the mantle

Question 14

What are the two types of plates

Answer 14

Continental - crust is thick (30-50km) and less dense

Oceanic crust in thinner (5-10km) and more dense

Question 15

Explain what happens at destructive margins

Answer 15

When an oceanic and continental plate move towards each other. When they meet the oceanic plate is sub ducted and destroyed as it’s denser. This creates gas rich magma. Volcanoes and ocean trench’s occur here. If two continental plates meet the ground is folded upwards creating fold mountains

Question 16

What happens at a constructive margin

Answer 16

When two plate move away from each other so magma rises to fill the gap and cools. Creating new crust.

Question 17

What happens at a conservative margin

Answer 17

When two plates are moving sideways past each other or in the same direction but at different speeds. Crust isn’t created or destroyed.

Question 18

Why do the plates move

Answer 18

Because of the convection currents in the mantle

Question 19

Where do tectonic plates meet

Answer 19

On plate margins or boundaries

Question 20

What plates can a volcano form at

Answer 20

Destructive and constructive

Question 21

What plates can a earthquake form at

Answer 21

All three

Question 22

What is an epicentre

Answer 22

The point on the earths surface directly above the focus point

Question 23

State all the reasons people may live in areas at risks of tectonic hazards

Answer 23

-can’t not afford to move or lack of knowledge
-Family lives their and job
- minerals from volcanic ash makes volcanic soil very fertile
- volcanoes are tourist attractions so local may work in the tourist industry

Question 24

Where do tropical storms happen

Answer 24

5* and 30* north and south of the equator

Question 25

What conditions do storms need to develop

Answer 25

Sea temp is 27*c or higher
Wind shear ( the difference in wind speed) between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low

Question 26

What three effects may climate changes have on storms

Answer 26

Distributions , frequency and intensity

Question 27

Describe the frequency of tropical storms ( climate change )

Answer 27

Oceans will be at the temp 27* for longer periods meaning longer periods tropical storms can form therefore more storms will form each year.

Question 28

Describe distribution of tropical storms (climate change)

Answer 28

As the average ocean temp rises more of the worlds oceans will be at 27*+ meaning areas that haven’t experienced tropical storms will experience them

Question 29

Describe tropical storm intensity (climate change)

Answer 29

Higher sea surface temps are likely to result in more evaporation and increased cloud formation, so more energy is released resulting in stronger storms

Question 30

What are the three ways to reduce the effects of tropical storms

Answer 30

Prediction and monitoring
Planning
Protection

Question 31

How can prediction and monitoring be used to reduce tropical storm impacts

Answer 31

Storms can be monitored using radar, satellites and aircraft computed models can then be used to calculate a storms predicted path
Predicting when and where storms is going to happen gives people time to evacuate and protect their homes

Question 32

How can planning be used to reduce the effects of tropical storms

Answer 32

-future development e.g new houses can avoid high risk areas
- government can plan evacuation routes
- emergency services can prepare for disasters

Question 33

How can protection help reduce the impacts of tropical storms

Answer 33

Buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms, building can also be put on stilts so they are safe from floodwater
Flood defences can be built along rivers ( levees) and coasts ( sea walls)

Question 34

What are some ways scientists can find evidence for climate change

Answer 34

Ice and sediment cores
Tree rings
Temp records
Pollen analysis

Question 35

Explain how ice and sediment cores can be studied in order to see how the climate has changed

Answer 35

Ice sheets are made up of layers of ice. One layer of ice is formed yearly. Scientists drill into the ice sheets to get long cores of ice. By analysing the gas trapped in these cores scientists can tell what the temp was each year. The remains or organisms found in cores taken from ocean sediments can also be analysed

Question 36

Explain how orbital changes could of naturally caused climate change

Answer 36

Orbital changes effect how much solar radiation the earth receives (more energy more warming). These variations in the earths orbit could have caused the glacial and interglacial cycles of the quaternary period

Question 37

What are the 4 human activities that increase climate change

Answer 37

Burning fossil fuels
Farming (cows)
Cement production
Deforestation

Question 38

How does climate change effect the environment

Answer 38

Ice melting lack of polar habitats
Sea levels rising
Increase in costal erosion
Species are declining (e.g coral reefs)
Precipitation patterns are changing

Question 39

How does climate change effect people

Answer 39

Deaths due to heat has increased
Some areas to hot and dry to inhabit
Low lying costal areas e.g Maldives could be lost to the sea or flood
Climate change affects farming

Question 40

State some strategies to reduce the causes of climate change

Answer 40

Carbon capture ( capturing C02 and transporting it to safe places
Planting trees
Alternative energy production
International agreements

Question 41

State some ways people have adapted to climate change

Answer 41

Changing agricultural systems ( new crop types that are more suited to the new climate
Managing water supply ( dry areas will get even drier)
Coping with rising sea levels ( flood defences, flood warning systems)

Question 42

Explain the term magnitude when talking about a earthquake

Answer 42

The amount of energy released by the earthquake (how strong it is)

Question 43

What is the quaternary period

Answer 43

The most recent geological time peridod. 2.6millikn yrs ago to the present day