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Unit 1, Section A: The challenge of natural hazards > Natural hazards > Flashcards

Natural hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

A natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions.

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2
Q

what are the two main types of natural hazard?

A
  • Geological (land and tectonic e.g. volcanoes and earthquakes)
  • Meteorological (weather and climate e.g. tropical storms and extreme weather)
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3
Q

what are the different factors that affect the hazard risk?

A
  • vulnerability (amount of exposure)
  • capacity to cope (amount of aid)
  • nature of natural hazards (amount of damage)
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4
Q

describe the structure of the earth

A

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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5
Q

what is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?

A
  • Oceanic : 30-50 km thick, dense, 180 million years old, destroyed at destructive and formed at constructive
  • Continental: 20-100 km thick, less dense, 3-4 billion years old, can’t be destroyed or formed
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6
Q

What are convection currents?

A

-movement in the mantle of the earth that can move tectonic plates and cause hazards

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7
Q

what are the four types of plate boundary?

A
  • destructive
  • conservative
  • constructive
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8
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary?

A
  • when oceanic and continental move together
  • thicker oceanic is forced under the continental
  • lots of friction, can trigger earthquakes or volcanoes
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9
Q

what is a conservative plate boundary?

A
  • when two plates move against each other
  • slide in opposite directions

the friction eventually is overcome and they slip past each other in a sudden movement (earthquake)

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10
Q

what is a constructive plate boundary?

A
  • when two plates move away from each other
  • volcanoes occur due to the gap created
  • eventually new crust is formed
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11
Q

where are 80% of volcanoes found?

A

the ring of fire

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12
Q

what boundaries are volcanoes found?

A
  • constructive

- destructive

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13
Q

what boundaries do earthquakes happen?

A
  • destructive
  • constructive
  • conservative
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14
Q

what are some long term responses of earthquakes?

A
  • re-house people who lost their homes
  • repair or rebuild and damage caused
  • reconnect broken networks e.g. electricity, water gas and communications
  • if required, improve building regulations for more resistance in the future
  • set up initiatives to help economic recovery
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15
Q

what are some primary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • buildings, bridges and homes destroyed
  • people injured or killed
  • roads, railways, ports and airports damaged
  • electricity cables, gas and water pipes damaged
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16
Q

what are some secondary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • landslides and tsunamis
  • leaking gas can cause fires
  • people left homeless and die from cold
  • no clean water and lack of sanitation and disease is spread
  • aid and vehicles cannot get through and stops trade
  • businesses damaged or destroyed, causing unemployment and loss of income
  • repairs are expensive: weakens economy
17
Q

what are some immediate responses of earthquakes?

A
  • rescue trapped people and treat injured
  • recover dead bodies: prevent disease
  • put out fires
  • set up temporary shelters
  • provide temporary water and food supplies
  • foreign countries send aid to the area
18
Q

what are some primary effects of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • buildings and roads destroyed
  • people and animals injured of killed by lava flows and falling rocks
  • crops are damaged
  • water supplies contaminated by ash
  • people, animals and plants suffocate by volcanic gases
19
Q

what are some secondary effects of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • mudflows (lahars) from volcanic materials mixes with water
  • landslides cause more death and injury
  • flooding caused by hot rick melting ice and snow. can also clog rivers
  • transport networks are blocked
  • people left homeless
  • tourism disrupted, but increases after as people want to see volcanoes
  • ash makes fields more fertile
  • recovery can take a long time and can damage the economy heavily
20
Q

what are some immediate responses of a volcanic eruption?

A
  • evacuate people before the eruption if it was predicted or as soon as it starts
  • provide food, water and shelter
  • treat the injured
  • rescue any cut off people
  • foreign countries send aid
21
Q

what are some long term responses to a volcanic eruption?

A
  • repair and rebuild damage or resettle elsewhere
  • repair and reconnect infrastructure
  • improve, repair and update monitoring and evacuation plans
  • boost the economy by attracting tourists to the volcano and its effects
22
Q

what are the two types of volcano and their differences?

A
  • composite: steep slope, tall with narrow base, flows short distances, violent and infrequent
  • shield: gentle slope, low with wide base, less hot and slow flowing, hot and runny, mild and frequent
23
Q

how can you measure an earthquake?

A
  • richter scale: no limit, seisometre

- mercalli scale: measures effects, 1 to 12, based on opinion

24
Q

How can risks from tectonic hazards be reduced?

A

Monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

Unit 1, Section A: The challenge of natural hazards (1 decks)

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