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Geography > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a Natural Hazard

A

a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

Atmospheric Hazard

A

Created in the atmosphere by the weather, by the movement of air and water eg. Wind

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3
Q

Geological Hazard

A

Created by the movement of the earth’s tectonic plates or surface rock and souls eg. Earthquakes

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4
Q

Types of Hazards

A 
Floods
Hurricanes
Landslides
Tsunamis
Droughts
Volcanic eruptions
Blizzard
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5
Q

Hazard Risk

A

This is the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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6
Q

Why do people put themselves at risk by living in places prone to natural hazards?

A

Weigh up advantages and disadvantages
Such events don’t happen very often so they accept this risk
Little choice of where to live or knowledge where they’re living is dangerous

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7
Q

Factors affecting Hazard Risk

A

Natural factors- height of the land, shape of coastline, softer sediment is more likely to liquefy
Magnitude- size of event have different impacts :different on Saffir Simpson scale and Richter scale
Population density- more people means a greater potential for disaster
Frequency- the more often it happens, the more prepared people are. Rare events such as tsunamis mean people are less prepared

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8
Q

Impacts of magnitude 9 Tsunami in Indian Ocean

A 
13 countries affected- mostly Indonesia
Quarter of a million people died
Two million people made homeless
Short term aid- temporary housing water purification tablets and medical supplies
Rebuilding of industries
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9
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Theory that tries to explain how the earth is structured and what it is made of

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10
Q

Crust

A

Outermost later of the earth

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11
Q

Mantle

A

A layer of rock between the core and crust made of molten rock

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12
Q

Magma

A

Liquid rock (molten) is called magma.it is liquid because the heat from the earths core has melted it

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13
Q

Core

A

Dense hot rock at the centre of the earth

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14
Q

Structure of earth

A

Crust- hard outer shell
Mantle- soft molten rock (3800 degrees Celsius)
Outer core- liquid iron and nickel
Inner core- very hot up to 5000 degrees celsius

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15
Q

What is happening inside the earth?

A

As heat rises from earths core , it sets of convection currents in the mantle to move. It’s that movement that sets of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

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16
Q

Convection currents

A

Happen as a result of radioactive decay in the core. Move as fast as fingernails grow

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17
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Found under the sea
5-10km thick
Dense
Sinks into mantle when oceanic and continental meet
Forms constantly at constructive plate margins
Destroyed at destructive plate margins

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18
Q

Continental Crust

A 
Found under the land
25-100km thick
Less dense
Doesn’t sink
New crust isn’t formed
Can’t be destroyed
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19
Q

Tectonic plate examples

A 
Pacific
Mazda
African
Eurasian
Philippine
Antarctic
South American 
North American 
Etc.
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20
Q

Why do earthquakes and volcanoes mainly occur on plate margins?

A

Because they are caused by the friction between two plates, or the hot molten rock rising to the surface of the earth

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21
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

They are vibrations in the earths crust that creates shaking at surface. Highly unpredictable but tend to coincide with destructive, conservative, collisions and constructive plate margins

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22
Q

Reasons for earthquakes happening

A

Stresses build up between the plates
Plates snag and grind past each other allowing energy to build up
When plates move again, energy is released as shock or seismic waves through earths crust

23
Q

Focus

A

The point of origin of an earthquake

24
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the ground directly above the focus of an earthquake

25
Q

What happens during a volcano eruption?

A

Volcanoes are basically mountains that can explode with violent consequences. Landform created by hot liquid rock being forced into the earths crust and by the eruption of the magma onto the earths surface.

26
Q

Composite volcano

A

Found at destructive plate margins
Steep sided, layers of ash and lava. Magma is sticky and cools quickly
Very explosive

27
Q

Shield volcano

A

Found at constructive plate margins
Done shape with sloping sides
Magma is runny and flows a long distance before it cools
More gentle explosions

28
Q

Destructive plate margin

A

when two plates come together and the denser oceanic plate sub ducts under the continental plate

29
Q

Constructive plate margin

A

when two oceanic plates are moving apart from one another

30
Q

Conservative plate margin

A

when plates slide past each other, friction between them causes earthquakes

31
Q

Collision plate margin

A

when two continental plates are moving towards each other

32
Q

Primary effects of tectonic hazard

A

things that are caused by the shaking of the earth eg. buildings collapsing, people being homeless

33
Q

Secondary effects of tectonic hazards

A

things that happen afterwards eg. floods fire landslides

34
Q

Nepal Case study

A

primary effects- 8841 people dead, destruction of 26 hospitals
secondary effects- triggered avalanche on mt Everest, tourism and employment income will shrink
immediate response- temporary shelters set up tents for 225000 people, Sherpa used to hike relief supplies to remote areas
long term response- expand crop production and growing seasons, $274 million of aid had been committed to recovery

35
Q

L’aquila itay case study

A

primary effects- 308 people dead, 10-15000 buildings collapsed
secondary effects- aftershocks triggered landslides, house pricing and rents increased
immediate response- hotels provided shelter for 10000 people and 40000 tents set up, silvio berlusconi (prime minister) offered some of his homes
long term response- torch lit procession in mass for remembrance, students given free transport

36
Q

Reasons for events to be different

A 
population density
resources and finance
time of year
plate margin
magnitude
medical facilities
37
Q

Weather

A

day to day condition of atmosphere

38
Q

Climate

A

long term average of weather conditions

39
Q

How are winds caused?

A

the winds are caused by the sun warming air more intensely at the equator and this warm air moves north and south to the poles.

40
Q

Low and high pressure

A

where the air sinks this is a high pressure zone- cold air sinks
where the air rises this is a low pressure zone- warm air rises

41
Q

Cells

A

Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, Polar cell

42
Q

Global atmospheric circulation examples

A

UK-cloudy and wet: deciduous forest
Norther Egypt- hot and dry: desert
Norther Brazil- hot and humid: tropic rainforest

43
Q

How is a depression formed?

A

when the hot air wedges into the cold air and forms a spiral where it is both hot and cold

44
Q

Features of tropical storm

A

eye of storm- calm because cold air is sinking towards the ground
eye wall- tall black clouds a lot of evaporation and condensation
conditions at eye wall- extremely heavy rain strong winds and lightning
conditions outside of eye wall- heavy rain and thunderstorm
conditions furthest away from the eye wall- heavy rain and possible thunder

45
Q

3 names for tropical storms

A

hurricanes
cyclones
typhoons

46
Q

what hazards are produced by tropical storms

A

torrential rain
storm surges
high winds

47
Q

temperature of sea for tropical storm to form

A

26.5 degrees celsius

48
Q

why do tropical storms not occur across UK

A

the ocean isnt hot enough 8-20 degrees from equator

49
Q

why does tropical storm spin?

A

rotation of earth

surface winds arrive on curved path

50
Q

Intensity of tropical storms

A

warmer oceans tend to bring a more intense storm

51
Q

Frequency of tropical storms

A

overall frequency is either to remain the same or decrease as a result of climate change

52
Q

Distribution of tropical storms

A

future- may affect areas outside of hazard zones: south atlantic and sub tropics

53
Q

Typhoon Haiyan

A

primary effects- 6300 people killed mostly drowned, destroyed 30000 fishing boats
secondary effects- flooding caused landslides and blocked roads, looting and violence broke out
immediate response- over 1200 evacuation centres set up to help homeless, uk government sent out shelter kits to provide emergency shelter for families
long term response- rebuilding of roads bridges and airport facilities, thousands of home built away from areas at risk of flooding

54
Q

Hurricane wind categories

A 
category 1- 74-95 mph
category 2- 96-110 mph
category 3- 111-129 mph
category 4- 130-156 mph
category 5- 157 mph or higher

Geography (2 decks)

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