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WSET Level 3 KBM 2020 > Natural Factors in Vineyard Influencing Style, Quality and Price > Flashcards

Natural Factors in Vineyard Influencing Style, Quality and Price Flashcards

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1
Q

Vine Species

A

Vitis Vinifera, main eurasian species

Vitis Americana, native to North America, resistant to phylloxera, used to produce rootstocks

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2
Q

Differences between grape varieties

A

Color, flavor, budding and ripening, resistance to disease,

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3
Q

Cutting

A

Cutting is a form of propagating identical plants by planing a vine shoot directly the ground, which will grows as a new plant. Widely used in nurseries (commercially) but represents a risk with phylloxera.

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4
Q

Layering

A

Form of propagating identical plants in the vineyard. Part of the cane is bent down and buried into the ground with tip pointing out. Once the cane takes roots, that section is cut into a new plant. Layering greats plants at risk of phylloxera.

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5
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Method used to propagate vines through layering or cuttings of vines that have had a positive mutation.

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6
Q

Clone

A

A clone is a vine or group of vines that have unique characteristics.

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7
Q

Propagating Vines, Identical and not identical

A

Identical Propagation: Cutting, Layering

Crossings (propagation by pollinating female part with ponen from male part)

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8
Q

How to create new vine variety

A
  1. Wait until a natural random mutation occurs
  2. Cross Fertilization: Polen from male part of vine is transferred to female part of plant. Very costly and time consuming since vines naturally mutate and one cannot control what characteristics will come out of the cross fertilization.
  3. Clonal Selection (cutting or layering)
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9
Q

Crossing

A

New plant created from two vines from same species. Ex. Pinotage (cinsault and pinot noir)

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10
Q

Hybrid

A

vine whose parents come from 2 different species. Ex. Vidal (Canada)

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11
Q

Phylloxera

A

insect (louse) native to North America with complex life cycle. It can live underground and feed on the roots, where it infects the roots. Infections enter through the feeding tubes, weakening and eventually killing the vine.

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12
Q

Rootstocks

A

American vines are widely used as rootstocks as a effective protection against phylloxera, as well as nematodes and drought protection (American vines are more resistant to drought).

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13
Q

Bench Grafting

A

Technique used to join rootstock to the cane of vitis vinifera by machine, which are then kept in warm place until two parts fuse together.

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14
Q

Head Grafting

A

Head grafting is technique carried out in vineyard where the vine is cut back all the way to the trunk and new canes are placed on the head (one or two) and are held together with a tape/adhesive product. Cheaper technique that allows new vines in vineyard without having to replant entire vineyard.

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15
Q

Vine needs

A

5 items: Sunlight (sun and reflected from water), heat (sun and irradiated from soil), water (rainfall, irrigation and water in soil), nutrients (soil or fertilizers) and CO2 (atmosphere)
A vine is dormant at 10C below. Budburst only begins at 10C.

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16
Q

Vine Growth Cycle

A

Dormant - Budburst - Flowering - Fruitset

Veraison - Ripening

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17
Q

Grape components

A

Water, Sugar, Acids, Tannins and Flavors

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18
Q

Green parts of the vine

A

parts of vine that grow every year.

Shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, berries and tendrils.

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19
Q

Bud

A

Buds are embryo shoots that from between the shoot and the leaf. Once formed they mature inside a casing for one entire growing cycle. The following growing cycle the shoot will burst open into a new shoot, with leaves, flowers, buds and berries.

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20
Q

One year old wood

A

Shoots will turn woody during winter and the following spring they become one year old wood, and the buds that formed on them will become new shoots.

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21
Q

Permanent Wood

A

Wood that is over a year old. Trunk and (where present) arms.

22
Q

Roots

A

absorb water, nutrients and anchor the vine.

23
Q

Flowers

A

Flowers are the vines reproductive system. In a vine both female and male parts are present. A Bunch of flowers together are called inflorescence and once pollinated, they will become a bund of grapes at the end of the growing season.

24
Q

Spur Pruning

A

short sections of 1 yrs old wood that are cut down to only 2 or 3 buds

25
Q

Cane Pruning

A

sections of one year old wood that are cut leaving 8 to 20 buds.

26
Q

Climate Classification (Cool, Mod, Warm, Hot)

A

Cool - Avg. Growing season below 16.5C
Moderate - Growing season between 16.5 and 18.5
Warm - Growing season between 18.5 AND 21C
HOT - Growing above 21C

27
Q

Factors Affecting Heat

A

Latitude (30 and 50) Altitude, Aspect (direction of the slope), Ocean Currents (warming or cooling), Fog (cooling), Soil (warm or cooling)

28
Q

Aspect

A

Aspect is the direction the slope is facing. It matters greatly in cool climates where extra warmth makes the difference. Equator facing slopes receive MOST heat. South and SE facing slopes in Northern hemisphere get the most warmth.

29
Q

Climate vs Weather

A

Climate is the annual pattern of temperature, rainfall and sunlight over several years. Weather is the variation of temperature, sunlight and rainfall within the same year.

30
Q

Continentality

A

Continentality is the temperature difference between coldest and hottest months, that is, large seasonal differences. If affects the growing season of the vines, extending or shortening them.

31
Q

Diurnal Range

A

Diurnal range is the temperature difference between daytime and nighttime.
Cool nights help slow the loss of aromas and acidity in grapes, warm nights accelerate ripening.

32
Q

Explain Factors affecting heat

A
  1. Altitude increases temperature drop (ex. Cafayate)
  2. Latitude-Most vineyards are between 30and50N/S, this allows vine to have a dormant period
  3. Ocean Currents-Cooling and warming effect
  4. Soil-Soils with large water content take longer to heat up, delaying bud burst. Rocks and dark color reradiate heat, as well as light soils.
  5. Aspect. Direction of vine slope.
33
Q

Effects of Bodies of water on vineyard

A

Large bodies of water take longer to warm and cool land masses. In winter, they have a warming effect on the surrounding air and in summer they have a cooling effect.
Areas close to bodies of water have a lower continentality than regions farther inland.
Large bodies of water reduce diurnal range, even rivers reduce diurnal range.
Fog created by water also provides cooling effect.

34
Q

Temperature Hazards

A

10C - Temp under 10C will place vine in dormant stage. Anything above will initiate budburst.
-20C temperatures can damage or kill a vine. Most vulnerable parts to cold temps are the GRAFTS.

35
Q

Earthing up

A

Process of using earth to cover the vine, especially the graft, from cold temperatures.

36
Q

Mild winters

A

Very mild winters can reduce the life of the vine Without a dormant period it will produce crops more than once a year, shortening its life span. More crop also means more insects, which may attack the vine.

37
Q

Spring Frost (how it happens, how to mitigate)

A

Air below 0C collects and ground level, freezing all water vapor. If it happens during bud burst or very young shoots, it kills them.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Heaters Heat generated creates movement of air, preventing cold air to settle.
2. Wind Machines: Wind draws warm air from above, keeping ground temperature above freezing.
3. Spinklers: Water is sprayed onto vine, as water freezes it releases some heat into the plant, and encapsulates the heat.
4. Vineyard design: Using slopes and avoiding depresiones on ground. Training vines high on trellises to avoid contact with cold ground air.

38
Q

Factors that affect Sunlight

A
  1. Latitude - latitudes farther from equator have longer days with extra sunlight, extending ripening for grapes.
  2. Aspect. South/north facing aspects recieve more sunlight.
  3. Bodies of water - Reflect Sunlight (rivers) or generate Fog, reducing sunlight and cooling vineyard area.
39
Q

Sunlight Hazards

A

Sunburn. Too much sunlight burns grapes, leading to BITTER flavors. Canopy management is usted to mitigate sunburn.
Cloud Cover. Slows photosynthesis, slows flowering and fruit set and results in SMALLER CROP. Canopy management is used to ensure maximum sunlight.

40
Q

Sources of water for a vine

A

Water is needed to swell the grapes.
Rainfall
Drip irrigation (advanced&expensive)
Flood Irrigation, inexpensive, areas of abundant water, ex. Arg.
Sprinklers - widely used, cheap, Lots of water waste!

41
Q

Water Hazards

A

Drought (photosynthesis stops, leaves wilt, grapes fail to ripen)
Excess Water: Disrupts fruit set in spring
Excess vine growth in summer, reduces sugar and flavor concentration
Excess growth leads to excess shading
Fungal disease
Hail: damages crop and vine.
Excess water can saturate roots and vine dies

42
Q

How Location of Vineyard affects Climate

A

Latitude: closer to equator, warmer temperatures
Altitude, temp drops as altitude increases
Aspect: South facing slopes receive most sunlight. Mid slope receives most direct sunlight (more heat, more light)
Ocean - warming or cooling effect
Location can also minimize risk of frost.

43
Q

Maritime

A

Low continentality, cool moderate temp (16.5 to 18.5C), evenly spread rainfall, long autumns (ex Bordeaux, Rias Baixas) extended ripening seasons.
Risks: Rainfall in spring and autumn can harm fruit set and harvest. Late budding varieties better suited for maritime.

44
Q

Mediterranean

A

Low continentality, warm and dry summers (18.5 to 21C), extra sunlight. Fuller body wines, riper tannins, higher alcohol, lower acidity.
Risks: Drought.

45
Q

Continental

A

High continentality, short summers, fast temperature drop in autumn. Cool climate (16.5C and below), Champagne, Chablis.
Risks: Spring frost, low temperatures during growing season.

46
Q

Vintage Variation

A

Cool climate regiones can be affected by rainfall and low temperatures during growing season, as is the case in Champagne, Chablis and Bordeaux.
Warmer climates such as mediterranean climates are not as affected as they have warm and dry summers.

47
Q

Water and Soil

A

Vines need good supply of water to support shoot growth, and mild water stress after veraison (to concentrate flavors)
Water is stored in the soil by binding clay particles to humus. Too much clay and soil can become waterlogged.
Sand and rocks on the other hand do not hold water and facilitate drainage.

48
Q

Loam

A

Mixture of sand and clay particles. Good drainage but retain enough water to support vine growth.

49
Q

Vine Nutrients

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, all naturally occurring in soil. Too much nutrients will need to vigorous vine growth, not good for flavor concentration.

50
Q

Chlorosis

A

Indicates lack of nutrients, leaves turn yellow and photosynthesis is restricted.

WSET Level 3 KBM 2020 (2 decks)

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