Natural Disaters Flashcards
1
Q
natural processes
A
things that occur on earth cause earth is dynamic they have and will always occur
2
Q
nutural hazard
A
the potiental of a dangerous event occuring. something that could happen that could effect people
3
Q
natural disater
A
when a dangerous effect actually happens. a natural event that has a negative effect on humans
4
Q
great disaters
A
tons of people effect and tons of money large area long recovery require external assistance
5
Q
yellow stone type?
A
hazard
6
Q
what is hurricane sandy?
A
great disaters
7
Q
risk
A
risk=probality x consequences
8
Q
acceptable risk
A
what we choose to live with
9
Q
mitigation
A
activities to reduce losses from future disaters, inculding prevention and protection
10
Q
meathods of migitation
A
after-modify hazard adapt-modify structures avert-redirect the hazard avoid!!-stay away!
11
Q
population increase
A
current rate=1.2%
12
Q
doubling time?
A
70/%growth rate
13
Q
how long until it doubles?
A
58 years
14
Q
will you still be alive?
A
no
15
Q
easter isaland
A
they ran out of reasources, they die
16
Q
the scientific meathod
A
- make an observation 2. a problem or question arises 3. hypothesis 4. explanation 5. testing or gather information
17
Q
the scientific meathod
A
- make an observation 2. a problem or question arises 3. hypothesis 4. explanation 5. testing or gather information 6. when hypothesis passes all tests become a theory
18
Q
mantel made of?
A
dark color heavy rock
19
Q
inner core made of?
A
solid iron and nickel
20
Q
outer core made of
A
liquid
21
Q
mesosphere made of?
A
stiff plastic
22
Q
asthenosphere made of?
A
is elastic like silly putty and a semi solid
23
Q
lithosphere made of?
A
is solid
24
Q
each of layers of eartch from outward to inward
A
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
25
how is earth seperated between earth and ocean?
the surface of the earth is solid and is divided into oceans and continents-continents are where the crust is very thick and the oceans where it is thin
26
who came up with continental drift?
alfred wagner
27
alfred wagner about him?
he was metoerologist
28
what is alfreds evidence for contintental drift?
-country match up like puzzles -glaciers where in the past -looking at fossils -mountains fit -paleoclimate:acient climates match across contentental fit
29
why he fail?
he couldnt explain why they were moving
30
how figure out plate tectonics?
world war 2 submarines checked out ocean more looking for enemies. saw trenches and they saw through sonar waves saw mid ocean ridge and it circles throughout world.
31
harry hess and robert diez
plate tectonics came up with idea. they came up with mantel convection,seafloor spreading and lithosphere plates. however it is not strong enough to pull crust.
32
new idea it is driven by?
gravity, pulls down on it and moves stuff around it
33
what is slab pull?
crust getting pulled into mantel during subduction zone
34
paleomagnitism
outter core mineral like iron are moving around so much make magnetic field. someties change directions of convection so magnetic field will change.
35
sea floor spreading
new ocean generating at divergent plate boundries
36
tsunami
could occur from earthquake at subduction zone, subduction zone get volcanoes
37
how are mountain made?
when two continents collide
38
mid ocean ridge?
divergent boundry
39
earthquakes
transform boundry
40
what causes biggest earthquakes?
convergent boundry
41
trenches are made in?
convergent boundry
42
divergent boundry on land?
rift valley and volcanoes come up materials come up and forms a ridge
43
divergent boundries features?
shallow small weak earthquakes, small volcanoes, rift valley, mid ocean ridge
44
earths layers
45
what is accretion
at subduction xone crust get stuck to the other crust an can creates hazards and landslides
46
Body waves
. Occur in the body of the Earth
a. P waves
i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec
P waves
i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec
1. Compression - expansion. (kinda like a slinky).
v. Parallel to the wave propagation direction. Goes in the same direction.
P waves
i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec
1. Compression - expansion. (kinda like a slinky).
v. Parallel to the wave propagation direction. Goes in the same direction.
47
S waves
i. Travel through solids.
ii. Secondary. Sheered.
iii. Arrive second.
iv. 3 km/sec
v. Particles are moving perpendicular. Wave moves more like a ripple through the water.
1. Like making a wave in the garden hose.
48
2. Surface waves - body waves propagating upward.
a. Both generally the same speed. Pretty slow.
a. Occur on the surface of the Earth
a. Love waves
i. Like a snake, moving side to side.
ii. Really bad for buildings. No matter what type.
iii. Most destructive. Love hurts.
49
b. Rayleigh waves
i. Movement occurs only on the surface. More like a rolling motion on the ground.
ii. Ground surface moves up and down.
1. Rayleigh - rolling.
50
Triangulation
process of locating an earthquake.
51
Time correlates with distance.
· We need three different locations to triangulate the location of the earthquake.
52
what is the mantel?
Mantle of the Earth has to be solid because S waves travel through it.
53
Seismic wave refraction.
Happens when waves bend.
· When your waves move through one type of material to another.
54
Bedding contacts.
· Two things that can occur when waves hit a boundary.
1. Reflect back down.
2. Refract through at some angle.
55
Valley of soft sediment
Waves get stuck in the valley and shakes a ton.
o This happened in Tokyo.
56
Wave speed and ampification
Hard material
o Seismic waves go through very fast
§ Because it does this the wave doesn't amplify.
· Soft material
o Waves go through and amplify.
§ This makes the waves slow down and shake a lot.
§ Like jello!
§ Clay for example.
· Sandstone is in the middle.
57
Measuring Earthquakes
First person: Richter, Charles Richter
58
Seismometer
when the ground moves this box moves.
o Inside there is a free hanging pendulum. As the box moves the pendulum draws on the bottom.
· Richter magnitude
59
Richter magnitude
Based on wave amplitude and ground displacement
§ Doesn't work well with earthquakes larger than 7.0.
§ Doesn't work well far away.
60
Moment magnitude
o Based on rupture dimensions (energy released)
§ Based on the length of the fault
§ Based on the width of the fault
§ Based on the amount of slip on the fault. (how much it moves)
61
Modified Mercalli intensity
Measures destructiveness of earthquake
o Based on personal experience.
62
