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5th semester > Natural Disaters > Flashcards

Natural Disaters Flashcards

1
Q

natural processes

A

things that occur on earth cause earth is dynamic they have and will always occur

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2
Q

nutural hazard

A

the potiental of a dangerous event occuring. something that could happen that could effect people

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3
Q

natural disater

A

when a dangerous effect actually happens. a natural event that has a negative effect on humans

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4
Q

great disaters

A

tons of people effect and tons of money large area long recovery require external assistance

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5
Q

yellow stone type?

A

hazard

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6
Q

what is hurricane sandy?

A

great disaters

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7
Q

risk

A

risk=probality x consequences

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8
Q

acceptable risk

A

what we choose to live with

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9
Q

mitigation

A

activities to reduce losses from future disaters, inculding prevention and protection

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10
Q

meathods of migitation

A

after-modify hazard adapt-modify structures avert-redirect the hazard avoid!!-stay away!

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11
Q

population increase

A

current rate=1.2%

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12
Q

doubling time?

A

70/%growth rate

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13
Q

how long until it doubles?

A

58 years

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14
Q

will you still be alive?

A

no

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15
Q

easter isaland

A

they ran out of reasources, they die

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16
Q

the scientific meathod

A
  1. make an observation 2. a problem or question arises 3. hypothesis 4. explanation 5. testing or gather information
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17
Q

the scientific meathod

A
  1. make an observation 2. a problem or question arises 3. hypothesis 4. explanation 5. testing or gather information 6. when hypothesis passes all tests become a theory
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18
Q

mantel made of?

A

dark color heavy rock

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19
Q

inner core made of?

A

solid iron and nickel

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20
Q

outer core made of

A

liquid

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21
Q

mesosphere made of?

A

stiff plastic

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22
Q

asthenosphere made of?

A

is elastic like silly putty and a semi solid

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23
Q

lithosphere made of?

A

is solid

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24
Q

each of layers of eartch from outward to inward

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

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25
Q

how is earth seperated between earth and ocean?

A

the surface of the earth is solid and is divided into oceans and continents-continents are where the crust is very thick and the oceans where it is thin

26
Q

who came up with continental drift?

A

alfred wagner

27
Q

alfred wagner about him?

A

he was metoerologist

28
Q

what is alfreds evidence for contintental drift?

A

-country match up like puzzles -glaciers where in the past -looking at fossils -mountains fit -paleoclimate:acient climates match across contentental fit

29
Q

why he fail?

A

he couldnt explain why they were moving

30
Q

how figure out plate tectonics?

A

world war 2 submarines checked out ocean more looking for enemies. saw trenches and they saw through sonar waves saw mid ocean ridge and it circles throughout world.

31
Q

harry hess and robert diez

A

plate tectonics came up with idea. they came up with mantel convection,seafloor spreading and lithosphere plates. however it is not strong enough to pull crust.

32
Q

new idea it is driven by?

A

gravity, pulls down on it and moves stuff around it

33
Q

what is slab pull?

A

crust getting pulled into mantel during subduction zone

34
Q

paleomagnitism

A

outter core mineral like iron are moving around so much make magnetic field. someties change directions of convection so magnetic field will change.

35
Q

sea floor spreading

A

new ocean generating at divergent plate boundries

36
Q

tsunami

A

could occur from earthquake at subduction zone, subduction zone get volcanoes

37
Q

how are mountain made?

A

when two continents collide

38
Q

mid ocean ridge?

A

divergent boundry

39
Q

earthquakes

A

transform boundry

40
Q

what causes biggest earthquakes?

A

convergent boundry

41
Q

trenches are made in?

A

convergent boundry

42
Q

divergent boundry on land?

A

rift valley and volcanoes come up materials come up and forms a ridge

43
Q

divergent boundries features?

A

shallow small weak earthquakes, small volcanoes, rift valley, mid ocean ridge

44
Q

earths layers

A
45
Q

what is accretion

A

at subduction xone crust get stuck to the other crust an can creates hazards and landslides

46
Q

Body waves

A

. Occur in the body of the Earth

a. P waves
i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec

P waves

i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec
1. Compression - expansion. (kinda like a slinky).
v. Parallel to the wave propagation direction. Goes in the same direction.

P waves

i. Travel through everything
ii. Primary.
iii. It’s the fastest, therefore first to arrive anywhere.
iv. 6km/sec
1. Compression - expansion. (kinda like a slinky).
v. Parallel to the wave propagation direction. Goes in the same direction.

47
Q

S waves

A

i. Travel through solids.
ii. Secondary. Sheered.
iii. Arrive second.
iv. 3 km/sec
v. Particles are moving perpendicular. Wave moves more like a ripple through the water.
1. Like making a wave in the garden hose.

48
Q
  1. Surface waves - body waves propagating upward.
A

a. Both generally the same speed. Pretty slow.
a. Occur on the surface of the Earth
a. Love waves
i. Like a snake, moving side to side.
ii. Really bad for buildings. No matter what type.
iii. Most destructive. Love hurts.

49
Q

b. Rayleigh waves

A

i. Movement occurs only on the surface. More like a rolling motion on the ground.
ii. Ground surface moves up and down.
1. Rayleigh - rolling.

50
Q

Triangulation

A

process of locating an earthquake.

51
Q

Time correlates with distance.

A

· We need three different locations to triangulate the location of the earthquake.

52
Q

what is the mantel?

A

Mantle of the Earth has to be solid because S waves travel through it.

53
Q

Seismic wave refraction.

A

Happens when waves bend.

· When your waves move through one type of material to another.

54
Q

Bedding contacts.

A

· Two things that can occur when waves hit a boundary.

  1. Reflect back down.
  2. Refract through at some angle.
55
Q

Valley of soft sediment

A

Waves get stuck in the valley and shakes a ton.

o This happened in Tokyo.

56
Q

Wave speed and ampification

A

Hard material

o Seismic waves go through very fast

§ Because it does this the wave doesn’t amplify.

· Soft material

o Waves go through and amplify.

§ This makes the waves slow down and shake a lot.

§ Like jello!

§ Clay for example.

· Sandstone is in the middle.

57
Q

Measuring Earthquakes

A

First person: Richter, Charles Richter

58
Q

Seismometer

A

when the ground moves this box moves.

o Inside there is a free hanging pendulum. As the box moves the pendulum draws on the bottom.

· Richter magnitude

59
Q

Richter magnitude

A

Based on wave amplitude and ground displacement

§ Doesn’t work well with earthquakes larger than 7.0.

§ Doesn’t work well far away.

60
Q

Moment magnitude

A

o Based on rupture dimensions (energy released)

§ Based on the length of the fault

§ Based on the width of the fault

§ Based on the amount of slip on the fault. (how much it moves)

61
Q

Modified Mercalli intensity

A

Measures destructiveness of earthquake

o Based on personal experience.

62
Q
A

5th semester (8 decks)

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