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natrual hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Noto, Japan earthquake:
case study

A

1st January 2024 4:10pm 7.6 Richter scale

primary effects:
-208 deaths
-600 people injured
-Damage to 15 fishing ports

secondary effects:
-1-6m tsunami
-extensive coastal flooding
-sporadic fires

immediate response:
-62,000 people evacuated due to tsunami warning
-cranes and diggers remove rubble
-phone alert

long term response:
-food/hot meals for people
-$28m government disaster fund

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2
Q

Turkey/Syria earthquake:
case study

A

(LIC) 6th February 2023 3:17am 7.8 richter scale

primary effects:
-55,000 deaths
-130,000 injured
-26 million affected
-164,000 buildings destroyed or severely damaged

secondary effects:
-psychological impacts from experiencing the event
-estimated 2.7 million people made homeless
-one in 3 children lost their homes

immediate response:
-digging with hands
-sniffer dogs

long term response:
-international aid
-volunteers

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3
Q

Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines:
case study

A

November 2013
category 5
314km/hr winds
280mm rain in 12 hours

primary effects:
-at least 6340 killed
-5m storm surge
-90% buildings in Tacloban destroyed
-crops destroyed

secondary effects
-130,000 houses destroyed, 4.2 million homeless
-$14 billion of damage
-water polluted
-looting

immediate response:
-1069 emergency shelters
-3,316,500 people outside providing aid

long term response:
-UN appeal raised $480 million
-people betted educated

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4
Q

Somerset floods:

A

December 2013 – February 2014
SW England

This is a very low-lying area, which experiences winter flooding. Wettest January on record. 350mm of rain fell in January and February, about 100mm above average

Social Effects:
•Residents evacuated to temporary accommodation for months
•600 homes flooded across Somerset Levels.
•16 farms evacuated.
•Villages such as Moorland and Muchelney cut off. This affected people going to school, shopping etc.

Economic effects:
•Estimated £10 million damage by Somerset County Council.
•Local roads cut off by floods.
•Over 1000 livestock evacuated.
•Bristol to Taunton Railway line closed at Bridgwater.

Environmental effects:
•Floodwaters heavily contaminated with sewage, oil and chemicals.
•Huge amounts of debris had to be cleared. Stagnant water had to be re-oxygenated before being pumped back into the rivers.
Management strategies
•A £20 million Flood Action Plan was launched by Somerset County Council.
•8km of the River Tone and River Parratt were dredged to increase the capacity of the channel (March, 2014)
•By 2024 a tidal barrage at Bridgwater is being considered.

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5
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

a natural event which has the potential to threaten life and property

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6
Q

what are the types of hazard?

A

-Geophysical
-hydro meteorological

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7
Q

what is a geophysical hazard?

A

a hazard caused by earth processes and can be tectonic or geomorphal (e.g weathering)

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8
Q

what are hydro meteorological hazards?

A

hazards caused by water of weather patterns

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9
Q

whats are examples of a Geophysical hazard?

A

-tsunami
-earthquake
-volcanic eruption

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10
Q

what are examples of a hydro meteorological hazard?

A

-hurricane
-tropical storm
-flood

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11
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect risk?

A

-capacity to cope
-level of vulnerability
-magnitude of hazard

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12
Q

what is capacity to cope?

A

this refers to a community’s ability to absorb the effects of a hazard, response and recover.

generally HIC’s such as Japan have a high capacity to cope whilst poorer LIC’s don’t

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13
Q

what is level of vulnerability?

A

this refers to how likely the people who live in an area are affected by the hazard.

people in the uk are not vulnerable to volcanic eruptions as there are no active volcanoes in the uk. people who live in Haiti are very vulnerable to earthquakes as they live on a plate boundary.

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14
Q

what is magnitude of the hazard?

A

this is the size/ strength of the hazard.

it could be that the tropical rotating storm is a category 5 or an earthquake is 9.0 on the richter scale

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15
Q

what is a drought?

A

when rain is 50% than the 3 month median

risks:
-wildfires
-heat waves
-crops cant grow
-hunger and dehydration
- animals die, people die

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16
Q

what are floods?

A

these can be costal, river or flash floods causes by precipitation, storm surges and sea level rise

risks:
-housing destroyed
-loss of land
-people evacuated

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17
Q

what are earthquakes?

A

a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earths crust or volcanic eruptions.

risks:
-housing destroyed
-ground not easily fixed

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18
Q

how do tectonic plates move?

A
  1. convection current
    - currents in the mantle which takes heat from the core and causes it to rise and fall
    (like water boiling)

2.slab pull
- when gravity pulls tectonic plates down into the mantle

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19
Q

oceanic crust:

A

-denser
-sinks
-can be renewed and destroyed

20
Q

continental crust is:

A

-less dense
-cant sink
-cant be renewed or destroyed

21
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth?

A

-crust
-mantle
-outer core
-inner core

22
Q

what is a constructive

A
23
Q

what are constructive plate boundaries?

A
  • when 2 plates move apart
  • magma forces its way up through the cracks
  • forms shield volcanoes due to thin lava
  • can form new land

located example: Atlantic ridge

24
Q

what are destructive plate boundaries?

A
  • when 2 plate boundaries collide
  • oceanic plate sub-ducts beneath the continental plate
  • sinking plate creates new magma, as the rock melted down gas is released and escapes back into the atmosphere through a composite volcanoe

located example: Nazca ans south America border

25
Q

what is a conservative plate boundary?

A

-plates slide past each other
-they tend to get stuck and eventually the build up of pressure causes them to be released
-the sudden release of pressure causes an earthquake
-crust is neither made or destroyed

located example:
-California

26
Q

what are the primary effects of a hazard?

A

the immediate effect of the hazard, caused directly by it e.g water piped ruptured

27
Q

what are the secondary effects of a hazard?

A

the after effects that occur as an indirect effect of the hazard on a longer time scale e.g disease spread

28
Q

benefits of living in areas at risk:
Iceland

A

-hot water from within the Earths crust provides heat and hot water for nearly 90% of all buildings in Iceland
-volcanic rocks are used for construction
-tourism
-naturally occurring hot water

29
Q

4 ways to reduce the risk of natural hazards:

A

-monitoring
-prediction
-protection
-planning

30
Q

what is monitoring?

A

using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic activity

Earthquakes: seismometers, tells strength and duration

Volcanoes: monitoring of seismic activity

31
Q

what is prediction?

A

using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a tectonic hazard may happen

Earthquakes: general location, general time

Volcanoes: tilt meters, remote sensing

32
Q

what is protection?

A

identifying and avoiding places most at risk

shock absorbers
spraying water

33
Q

what is planning?

A

designing buildings that will withstand tectonic hazards

34
Q

conditions at 0°:

A

-low pressure
-wet and windy
-hot

35
Q

conditions at 30°:

A

-high pressure
-hot
-dry

36
Q

conditions at 60°:

A

-low pressure
-mild
-wet and windy

37
Q

conditions at 90°:

A

-high pressure
-cold
-dry

38
Q

how are tropical storms formed?

A

This warm air rises rapidly, drawing more air and large volumes of moisture from the ocean, causing strong winds. The rising air will cool and condense to form tall cumulonimbus clouds – this releases latent heat, which is energy that is released without a change in temperature, which powers the tropical storm.

39
Q

describe and explain the distribution of tropical storms.

A

tropical storms are located in between the tropics. they are found here because to form they have to warm waters above 26.5°c with extreme low pressure as warm air rises. They also don’t form exactly on the equator as it doesn’t feel the spin of the earth (Coriolis effect)

40
Q

possible natural causes of climate change:

A

volcanic activity - when volcanoes erupt they release sulphur dioxide and ash
solar flares - bursts of heat from the sun
orbital change - natural variations of the earths orbit and tilt circular and oval

41
Q

human causes of climate change:

A

deforestation - leaves are burned, doesn’t release oxygen
burning fuels - release co2 and other greenhouse gases
agriculture - livestock produce a large amount of methane

42
Q

what is mitigation?

A

refers to actions and policies that are meant to delay,reduce of prevent climate change

43
Q

what is adaptation?

A

refers to policies and actions which are designed to reduce existing impacts of global warming

44
Q

what are examples of mitigation?

A

carbon capture & recapture - taking co2 out of the atmosphere, like an artificial tree

Alternative energy sources - using renewable energy sources

Afforestation - increases the amount of oxygen

45
Q

Examples of Adaptation

A

change in agricultural systems - educating farmers in water harvesting techniques

managing water supply - some areas are using desalination to recover freshwater from oceans

reducing risk from sea level rise - building houses on stilts

Geography (5 decks)

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