Native Americans Reading Flashcards
Line of settlements from (N/S)
Central Texas to Canada
Locations of white people in West before Civil War
Line from TX to Canada,
Southwest Spanish-Mexicans,
Mormons in Utah,
Occasional trading post/gold camp
The Great West
Land between settlement line and Pacific coast
Dimensions of the Great West
1,000 x 1,000 miles
Native population in 1860
360,000
Pre-white conflicts/migrations
Comanches > Apaches from central plains (18th century), went to Rio Grande Valley
Mandans & Chippewas > Cheyenne, became nomadic
Sioux left Great Lakes for plains, fought Crows, Kiowad & Pawnees, became nomadic
Cheyenne and Sioux
Nomadic, wide-range traders, hunted buffalo, rode horses
What pre-civil war whites brought upon native lands
Disease -cholera -typhoid -smallpox Less bison -hunted -took grazing land for livestock More unrest -scarcer hunting grounds, more tribal fights over it
Where treaties with Chiefs were attempted
Fort Laramie, 1851
When did reservation herding begin
1860s
2 reservations
Great Sioux Reservation - Dakotas
Indian Territory - Oklahoma
Sand Creek, CO, 1864
Colonel Chivington massacred 400 Indians promised immunity
Bighorn Mountains, WY, 1866
Sioux ambushed Captain Fetterman, 81 white soldiers and civilian men dead
Trail the federal gov gave up on through Montana
Bozeman Trail
What happened in the Black Hills, SD, 1874
Colonel Custer announces gold, prospectors flood there, Sioux get pissed
Little Bighorn River, MT, 1876
Custer attacks 2,500 Sioux, all 264 whites killed
Referred to as a massacre
Nez Percé of NE Oregon lead by
Chief Joseph (1877)
What did Chief Joseph try to do?
Lead band to Canada to meet Sitting Bull
Length of trek the Nez Percé warriors traveled
1,700 miles (3 months)
What happened to the Nez Percé band
Surrendered in 1877, promised to be taken to Idaho, taken to Kansas, 40% died of disease
Who lead Apache of Arizona and New Mexico
Geronimo
What happened to the Apache tribe
Persued into Mexico, scattered warriors forced to surrender, women exiled to Florida
5 factors of Natives defeat
Railroad Racism White diseases Alcholism Buffalo near-extinction
Reason for Buffalo extermination
Kansas Pacific locomotive held up 8 hrs for herd to pass by
Buffalo Bill Cody killed how many buffalo
4,000 in 18 months
Buffalo Bill employed by
Kansas Pacific locomotive
Number of Buffalo in 1865
15 million
Number of Buffalo in 1885
Less than 1,000
When do white people start feeling bad
1880s
Writer who gained public support for Indians
Helen Hunt
Books that gained Natives support
A Century of Dishonor
Ramona
Withheld food in exchange for religious conversion and assimilation
Christian reformers
Facilitated education programs on the reservations
Christian reformers
Outlawed in 1884
Sun Dance outlawed
1890 massacre over Ghost Dance
Battle of Wounded Knee 200 NA (all), 29 soldiers died
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Dissolved tribes as legal entities
No tribal land ownership
Each individual family got 160 acres
If acted like “good white settlers”, they were promised title and citizenship in 25 years (later extended)
Year all natives got citizenship
1924
Carlisle Indian School, PN, 1879
First boarding school for assimilating native children
Took children from tribe/family, taught English, raised white
Field Matrons did what
Taught Native women sewing, and preached chastity and hygiene
Dawes Act remained in place until
1934
What replaced the Dawes Act in 1934
Indian Reorganization Act
“Indian New Deal”
Native population in 1887
243,000 natives
Native population in 2000
4.7 million native Americans
