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Native Americans Flashcards

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1
Q

When were the Plains Wars?

A

1862-67

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2
Q

What types of tribes live on the Great Plains?

A

Nomadic Tribes

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3
Q

What did Native Americans believe about land?

A

Land is a common resource which can’t be owned but does belong to them

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4
Q

When was the Gold Rush?

A

1848

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5
Q

Where did the Gold Rush happen?

A

Sacramento Valley

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6
Q

How much had the non-native population increased by in 1849?

A

1000 to 100,000

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7
Q

How did the Gold Rush affect the NA population?

A

20 years after 80% of the NA population was wiped out

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8
Q

What were four threats to the Native Americans?

A

Manifest Destiny
Gold Rush
Homesteader
Railways

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9
Q

What was Manifest Destiny?

A

Belief that it was American’s God-given right to settle rest of continent

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10
Q

What was the Gold Rush?

A

Discovery of gold in California 1847 that led to influx of migrant workers

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11
Q

What were Homesteaders?

A

Gave farmers 160-acre plot free on Great Plains if farmed for 5 years

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12
Q

What were the Railways?

A

Building of railroads across America from coast-to-coast

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13
Q

What did Manifest Destiny lead to?

A

Expansion and dismantlement of NA communities

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14
Q

What did Gold Rush lead to?

A

New settlers disrupted native way of life and brought epidemics, violence and loss

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15
Q

What did Homesteaders lead to?

A

Disruption of nomadic life

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16
Q

What did Railways lead to?

A

Brought more European settlers to the plains and disrupted buffalo herds

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17
Q

When was the Sand Creek Massacre?

A

1864

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18
Q

What happened in the Sand Creek Massacre?

A

750 Cheyenne forced to abandon their winter campsite and moved to Sand Creek but were attacked and slaughtered by volunteer soldiers

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19
Q

How many Native Americans were killed in Sand Creek Massacre?

A

148

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20
Q

When was Red Cloud’s War?

A

1866

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21
Q

What was Red Cloud’s War?

A

Armed conflict between the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho on one side and the United States, 80 US soldiers killed

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22
Q

What did Red Cloud’s War result in?

A

Signing of Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868

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23
Q

Who led westward expansion to Kansas in 1867?

A

General Hancock

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24
Q

What did Hancock provoke?

A

Torched an abandoned NA village and provoked a full scale war

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25
Q

Which treaty did NA sign following the 1867 Kansas expansion?

A

Medicine Lodge Treaty in October 1867

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26
Q

When was the Great Sioux War?

A

1877

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27
Q

What was the Great Sioux War?

A

Opposition of NA against sale of Black Hills of Dakota and treaties proposed by US government - Sitting Bull refused to sign and army led by General Custer

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28
Q

When was the Battle of Little Bighorn?

A

1876

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29
Q

What was the Battle of Little Bighorn?

A

Custer and 300 of his men slaughtered by Native Americans (short-term success)

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30
Q

What did the Battle of Little Bighorn lead to?

A

The death of Custer led to backlash from the US government and the removal of the Black Hills of Dakota from NA reservations

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31
Q

What was the reservation policy?

A

Policy from 1802 when the federal government began negotiations with ‘Civilised Tribes’ to allocate land to NA

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32
Q

Who were the five ‘civilised tribes’?

A

Checkasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, Cherokee Nations

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33
Q

When was the Indian Removal Act?

A

1830

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34
Q

When was the Navajo Treaty signed?

A

1868

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35
Q

What was the Navajo Treaty Act?

A

Agreement of reservation for Navajo tribe in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah

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36
Q

When did Native Americans lose right to determine what happened to their land?

A

1871

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37
Q

How long did reservation policy last?

A

1871-87

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38
Q

How was assimilation attempted?

A

Through education, conversion to Christianity, turning NAs to farmers and establishment of government reservations

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39
Q

How did the US government destroy NA way of life?

A

Forbade polygamy, herbal remedies and communal living

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40
Q

How did education destroy NA way of life?

A

Children were forbidden from speaking in their language and had to renounce traditional tribal beliefs

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41
Q

Negatives of reservations

A

Land impossible to cultivate
Thousands of NAs starved
Segregated them from rest of US society

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42
Q

Bad example of reservations

A

1890 200 starving and unarmed Sioux Indians left their reservation and were gunned down by army in South Dakota

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43
Q

Good example of reservations

A

Navajo tribe had 4 million acres and adapted to farming, from 15,000 sheep and goats to 1.7 million from 1868-1892

44
Q

How many NA were there in reservations by 1890?

A

135,000

45
Q

When was the allotment policy?

A

1887-1934

46
Q

When was the Dawes Severalty Act?

A

1887

47
Q

What did the Dawes Act do?

A

Divided reservation up into individual allotments that were owned by Native Americans (had to pay taxes and therefore gained full rights of citizenship)

48
Q

How much land would a head of family receive under the Dawes Act?

A

160 acres

49
Q

How long would it take for NA to gain ownership over land?

A

25 years

50
Q

Negatives of Dawes Act

A

Ignored NA culture
Resulted in deduction of land owned by NA as white settlers bought a lot of it up
Unable to manage money, slipped into debt

51
Q

What ended the exemption of Five Civilised Tribes from Dawes Act?

A

Curtis Act 1898

52
Q

What was the name of the state the Five Civilised Tribes wanted to make to stop the Curtis Act?

A

Sequah

53
Q

When were off-reservation boarding schools established?

A

1870s

54
Q

Where were the two off-reservation boarding schools established?

A

Virginia (Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute) and Pennsylvania (Carlisle Indian Industrial School)

55
Q

What was the name of a philanthropic organisation for NA?

A

Indian Rights Association

56
Q

When was the Indian Rights Association founded?

A

1882

57
Q

What was the Indian Rights Association?

A

Group of white (Christians) who opposed the government’s mistreatment of Native Americans but still viewed their culture as primitive

58
Q

When was the Massacre at Wounded Knee?

A

1890

59
Q

Which court case gave government right to revoke all treaties made?

A

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock in 1903

60
Q

When was the Muskogee Convention?

A

1905

61
Q

What was the Muskogee Convention?

A

Conference called by 5 leaders of civilised tribes to try and create Sequoyah, there was a majority vote at the convention but it was rejected by Congress

62
Q

When was the Society of American Indians Established?

A

1911

63
Q

What was the Society of American Indians?

A

A group of 50 educated NAs, first attempt at establishing inter-tribal pressure group (collapsed 1920s due to lack of funds and luck of unity inside and outside group)

64
Q

What did WW1 achieve for NAs?

A

10,000 NA men fought and gained recognition by the government, were integrated with White Americans, beginnings of urbanisation

65
Q

When did the Pueblo Indians lose their land and why?

A

1921 due to a 1913 Supreme Court Ruling

66
Q

When was the ‘Dance Order’?

A

1921 and 1923

67
Q

What was the ‘Dance Order’?

A

Prohibited NAs from some of their traditional, ritual dances

68
Q

When was the Indian Citizenship Act?

A

1924

69
Q

What did the Indian Citizenship Act do?

A

Gave NA men right to vote (2/3 already had this right due to Dawes Act)

70
Q

When was the Meriam Report?

A

1928

71
Q

When was the Indian Reorganisation Act?

A

1934

72
Q

What did the Indian Reorganisation Act do?

A

Gave NAs the right to practise their religion, undertake ceremonial dances and extended political rights to women, ended the allotment policy

73
Q

Who created the Indian Reorganisation Act?

A

Wheeler-Howard

74
Q

When was the National Congress of American Indians formed?

A

1944

75
Q

When was the period of Termination Policy?

A

1953-69

76
Q

When was the Policy of Termination introduced?

A

1953

77
Q

What impact did the Policy of Termination have?

A

Worsened conditions for NAs, ended the recognition of NA tribes and any remaining treaty rights and led to urbanisation

78
Q

How many Native Americans had left their reservations by 1960?

A

60,000

79
Q

When was the National Indian Youth Council formed?

A

1961

80
Q

When was the American Indian Movement (AIM) established?

A

1968

81
Q

When was the Siege of Alcatraz?

A

1969

82
Q

Who led the Siege of Alcatraz?

A

Richard Oakes

83
Q

How much did the occupiers offer the government for the island of Alcatraz?

A

$24 in glass and beads (same as what they got for island of Manhattan)

84
Q

When was NARF founded?

A

1970

85
Q

What was NARF?

A

A group set up with trained legal specialists to defend the rights of NAs

86
Q

When was the Occupation of Mount Rushmore?

A

1971

87
Q

When did AIM take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs?

A

1972

88
Q

When was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?

A

1973

89
Q

When was the Pine Ridge Reservation?

A

1975

90
Q

When was Oneida v Oneida and Madison Counties?

A

1974

91
Q

What was the outcome of Oneida v Oneida and Madison Counties?

A

Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Oneida tribe suing for the return of their lands.

92
Q

When was Fisher v Montana?

A

1976

93
Q

What was the outcome of Fisher v Montana?

A

Supreme Court ruled that tribal courts would decide on adoption in the future.

94
Q

When was United States v the Sioux Nation?

A

1980

95
Q

What was the outcome of United States v Sioux Nation?

A

Gave significant compensation to tribe ($17.5 million + $106 million in interest since 1877)

96
Q

When was Seminole Tribe v Butterworth?

A

1982

97
Q

What was the outcome of Seminole Tribe v Butterworth?

A

Supreme Court gave Seminole right to establish gambling enterprises on tribal land (went against state law)

98
Q

When was Charrier v Bell?

A

1986

99
Q

What was the outcome of Charrier v Bell?

A

Supreme Court ruled that remains dug from burial grounds belonged to NAs

100
Q

When was the Indian Education Act?

A

1972

101
Q

What did the Indian Education Act do?

A

Increased funding for NA schools

102
Q

When was the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act?

A

1975

103
Q

What did the Indian Self-Determination Act do?

A

Set out the process for tribes to take responsibility for their own education, health and social service provision with federal funding

104
Q

When was the Native American Religious Freedom Act?

A

1978

105
Q

What did the Native American Religious Freedom Act do?

A

It gave Native Americans the right to follow their traditional religion

History (1 decks)

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