Native American Revision Flashcards
How many native Americans were moved due to the Indian removal act 1830?
70,000: relocated to Oklahoma
How many tribes were there in the 1800s?
86 independent tribes
What year did hostilities emerge from the Sioux and the Cheyenne towards white settlers?
1865
Name four of the treaties in 1851 which contributed to the loss of NA land?
Fort Laramie Treaty (Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne)
Fort Wise Treaty (Cheyenne and Arapaho)
Medicine Lodge Treaty (Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache)
Fort Laramie Treaty (Lakota, Sioux, Arapaho)
What massacre occurred in 1864?
Sand Creek Massacre, cavalry troops massacred Cheyenne women and children
What wars occurred during the period 1862-67?
- little crow’s war, 1862 (Sioux)
- Cheyenne Uprising, 1863
- Red Cloud’s war, 1867 (Sioux)
What did the Homesteads Act 1862 provide?
160 acres of land to farmers , free for 5 years. By 1865, 20,000 homesteaders had settled on the Plains
What was the Trail of Tears?
Forced movement of Native Americans from their homelands to Oklahoma in 1830s
What year were the Navajo and Apache tribes moved to reservations?
- The Navajo people had to walk 300 miles on foot
what was the areal extent of reservations as of 1890?
- 133,417 Native Americans, 20 states, on 78,500,000 acres of land enforced by 70 officers.
How many of the 133,417 Native americans in 1890 were on rations?
34,785
When was the Fort Laramie Treaty broken?
1871, by Congress, who did not consult the tribes
What and when was the Battle for Little Big Horn?
1876 - General Custer attempted to force Sioux and Cheyenne tribesmen back onto the Reservations. All 200 were killed. The punishment involved breaking up the Great Sioux reservation into 6 sections, and letting the Lakota Sioux starve
Why were Native Americans not permitted civil rights?
They were simply wards of the state, and did not pay taxes (therefore could not be considered citizens).
What affected the 1880s?
drought
How many native Americans remained in 1900?
Only 100,000 of the 240,000 Native Americans
What happened in 1890 at South Dakota?
The wounded knee massacre. The Sioux tribesman performed a traditional dance which white settlers thought was the start of an uprising. Sitting Bull was shot, alongside 200 others
In 1868 what did the Navajo tribe quickly adapt to on the 4,000,000 acre reservation?
Farming. The government provided 15,000 sheep, by 1890 the flock grew to 1,700,000. 1930s - the Navajo tribe was given more land so they had 10,500,000 acres. By 1900 the population had increased from 8000 in 1868 to 22,000
How much money did the government spend on education for children aged 5 to 18 in 1877?
$20,000
What organisation was founded in 1882 devoted to assimilating the Native Americans?
The Indian rights Association. The organisation thought that welfare was the only way to improve the lives of Native Americans
What were the off-reservation boarding schools called that were set up in 1870?
The Hampton normal and agricultural Institute of Virginia and Carlisle industrial Indian School, Pennsylvania
What corrupt government institution was opened in 1869 to help the assimilation process of Native Americans?
The board of Commissioners
Under what act were homesteads given to Native American families?
The Dawes Act 1887/ General Allotment Act - gave 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land for 25 years in trust, after 25 years they had full ownership. Those partaking in the scheme would be given full citizenship. Unallotted allotted land would be given to white settlers.
How much of the reservation land was lost between the years 1877 – 1900?
Almost half (150mil to 78mil)
What two tribes struggled with the Dawes act, and why?
The Iroquois and Cherokee tribes. This was because they were traditionally matriarchal, but now found that the males were considered heads of the family.
What did the 1898 Curtis act do?
Amended the Dawes act. Applied allotment policy to 5 civilised Tribes. This resulted in the loss to the right to self-government in 1906.
What were the five civilised Tribes involved in the trail of tears 1838?
The Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Choctaws, the Seminole, and the creeks
What was the Muskogee Convention of 1905?
The leaders of the five civilised Tribes met to try and create their own independent state of the Sequoyah before the government combined Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory into the state of Oklahoma
In what court case did the Cherokee tribe challenge Congress’ right to dictate that Native Americans could not live according to their own laws and traditions?
Nation vs Hitchcock, 1902
What happened to the Muskogee Convention of 1905?
It was rejected by Congress. The two territories were combined in 1907. 1898–1907–100,000 Oklahoma Indians were assigned lands, 2,000,000 acres was given to the white settlers
What formed in 1911?
The society of American Indians, by 50 educated Native American men and women. First attempted inter tribal pressure group.
What case involved lone Wolf suing the government over the break of the Medicine Lodge Treaty?
Lone Wolf vs. Hitchcock, 1903 - fell in favour of Congress
What did the SAI stand for?
Improvement of education and health care.
What happened during the war years?
10,000 Native Americans fought on behalf of the us army, not segregated. Some were moved off of reservations to begin war work, and were influenced by civilising forces (basically they learned English)
Why did the SAI collapse in the 1920s?
Lack of funding
Discrimination by the courts
Lack of Native American support
Internal communication issues
When did the right to vote come?
In 1924 with the Indian citizenship act. Not that amazing - many didn’t want the right to vote, and two thirds of the Native American population could already vote due to the citizenship provided by the dawes act. Supposed to empower the natives in order to speed assimilation. This was contentious however, and many states in the west prevented native Americans from voting anyway
What was the Harrison vs Laveen case, 1948?
Basically Mohawk-Apache tribe members took Laveen to court, as Laveen refused to let them register to vote. The court fell in favour of the Native Americans, but this did not set a legal precedent.
What happened to tribes in Wisconsin and Minnesota during the 1920s? What was the effect?
Lost 80% of land - attitudes towards the NA began to change
What did the Supreme Court declare in 1913 in relation to the Peublo Indians?
Declared Pueblos incapable of looking after their own land. Resultantly, lost most of their land in 1821
What were the 1921-23 Leavitt Bills?
Actions taken by the Feds to prevent pueblos performing their traditional dances. Reaction - creation of AIDA
