Nationalism

Question 1

What are some common principles/ ideas behind nationalism?

Answer 1

Patriotism
Nations have some form of shared commonality, through birth, language, culture etc
Nationalism can be paired with any other ideology- Anthony Smith’s (historian) ‘Chameleon ideology’
Territory is not an essential requirement of a nation
Nations evolve, and aren’t created like states

Question 2

What were Marcus Garvey’s views?

Answer 2

ANTI-COLONIAL
Liberal
BLACK pride, PAN-AFRICANISM, all African people were one people, need to join together
Either argued as progressive or regressive (as he believed in a nation made of all black people, wanting to end imperial rule and unite this nation in a United States of Africa)

Question 3

What were von Herder’s views?

Answer 3

Cultural and romantic 
Rejection of rational liberalism 
Commonality of language 
'VOLKSGEIST' (national Spirit)
Also used in modern liberal movements, eg Wales and Catalonia/ Spain

Question 4

What were Maurras’ views?

Answer 4

Right wing
CHAUVINISTIC, xenophobic and militaristic, believed in the superiority of his nation, and other nations as a threat
Ultra-conservative, regressive, civic
Exclusive- takes a lot of time to become a part of the National lot more strict and less fluid
INTEGRAL- an intense form patriotism where the individual becomes absorbed into the nation

Question 5

What were Mazzini’s views?

Answer 5

Liberal, progressive
ROMANTIC, what he believed united a nation was more emotional or ‘spiritual’
Action- rejected intellectualism and rationalism
CIVIC- support of nation-states and self-determination
NATIONHOOD- humans can express themselves only through their nation

Question 6

What were Rousseau’s views?

Answer 6

CIVIC, liberal, rational
‘The GENERAL WILL’- the idea that the gov. should be based on collective interests of the community rather than absolute monarch
Popular sovereignty and self-determination, nation-states

Question 7

What are contrasting types of nationalism you could use in your essay paragraphs?

Answer 7

Rational vs romantic 
Inclusive vs Exclusive 
Progressive vs Regressive 
Liberal vs Conservative 
Expansionist vs Nativism (prioritise's own people's interests)
Also Anti and post-colonial 
Also internationalism/ globalisation

Question 8

To what extent do anti-colonial and expansionist nationalists agree on the state?

Answer 8

Anti-colonial sees nation-state as only legit form of gov
eg Garvey

Expansionists use the state to dominate inferior nations
eg Maurras

Question 9

To what extent do lib. and con. nationalists agree on the state?

Answer 9

Liberal emphasise rational self-determination
Eg Mazzini
Many are also internationalist

Con. suggests, especially chauvinistic nats., that only superior nations should benefit from nation-statehood
state unites nation and therefore encourages patriotism
Hostile to supra-national gov. eg Farage

Question 10

To what extent do anti-colonial and expansionist nationalists agree on the economy?

Answer 10

Colonialism can be associated with economic exploitation or repression, leadings many anti-colonial movements to be socialists
Eg Garvey wanted economic empowerment

Question 11

To what extent do lib. and con. nationalist views agree on society?

Answer 11

Liberalism is progressive, inclusive, tolerant and multi-cultural, supports diversity and pluralism
Support internationalism

Conservatives are regressive and monocultural

Question 12

To what extent do liberal and conservative nationalists agree on the economy?

Answer 12

Conservatives are more in-ward looking
eg Make America Great Again
Nativism gives economic priority to indigenous members of the nation and is very exclusive
Protectionism- trade barriers to protect from international competition

Liberals are more progressive and outward looking, supporting globalisation, rational

Question 13

To what extent do civic and cultural (/ ethnic/racial) nationalists agree on society?

Answer 13

Civic nat. is normally liberally and for self-determination
eg Rousseau and active participation creates healthy society, share society’s values
Inclusive

Cultural is usually patriotic, emotional, romantic and conservative- organic society

Question 14

To what extent do civic and cultural (/ ethnic/racial) nationalists agree on human nature?

Answer 14

Civic is rational and logical, believing all members of nation must support its values and aims

Romantic nature of cultural means an emotional link is necessary and patriotism and shared experiences
eg Herder
Racialism- nature connected to race

Question 15

To what extent do inc vs exc. nationalists agree on society?

Answer 15

Liberal and civic nationalists often support a progressive and inclusive society

Exc, can be hostile, exclusive, lack tolerance, be mono-cultural and chauvinistic
eg Maurras

Question 16

To what extent do inc vs exc. nationalists agree on human nature?

Answer 16

Inc is tolerant, open, and accepting, encourage differing cultures and have a commonality regardless

Exc is more suspicious of human nature and doesn’t believe commonality is quickly developed or inherent.
Favour mono-culturalism and frequently hostile towards immigration

Question 17

To what extent do self-determination and expansionist nationalists agree on human nature?

Answer 17

Mutual dependency to avoid conflict, tolerance and respect of other nations due to shared humanity

Expansionists may be chauvinistic, believing not in a shared human nature but commonality coming from birth and shared experience

Question 18

What do all nationalists agree on concerning the state?

Answer 18

Nationalists agree on self-determination for their own state

Most nations want their own autonomy

Question 19

What do all nationalists agree on concerning human nature?

Answer 19

Some form of emotional/ irrational connection that forms groups, as people naturally people feel connected to one group more than other

All nationalists feel a sense of patriotism

Question 20

What do all nationalists agree on concerning society?

Answer 20

All nations and societies are to some extent formed emotionally, as people feel more connected to one group than another

All nationalists feel a sense of patriotism towards the society and its culture

Formed and bound by common values, experiences and even language

Question 21

What do liberal nationalists seek?

Answer 21

Autonomous nation-states- SELF-DETERMINATION

Question 22

What do conservative nationalists seek?

Answer 22

To forge a sense of COHESION and unity within society

Question 23

What do anti/post-colonial nationalists seek?

Answer 23

Seek to have governance returned to the INDIGENOUS population, rejecting colonial rule

Question 24

What do expansionist nationalists seek?

Answer 24

To REJECT the right of all other nations to self-determination, linking to CHAUVINISM

Question 25

To what extent is nationalism progressive?

Answer 25

Agree- self-determination, mutual respect, libs., anti, cons

Disagree- liberal v cons., shared history forges nation, intense patriotism (even nostalgia) and nostalgia, progressive, civic views

Disagree- inclusive v exclusive, mono v multi, Herder, nations as ethnic entities, cannot be progressive, immigration, tolerance, evolving nations

Question 26

To what extent does nationalism support self-determination?

Answer 26

Agree- self-determination for themselves, Cons state creates unity and social cohesion, anti/post and lib

Disagree- lib. v con. con more grey area, not all born equal

Disagree- expansionist v anti/post