Nationalism Flashcards
1
Q
NATIONS:
What does nationalism recognise the nation as?
A
The basis of community.
2
Q
In regard to nations, what is there much discussion about?
A
What a nation is.
3
Q
What is a nation/what does it refer to/ what does it mean?
A
Nation refers to ‘a people’.
Means belonging to a larger group of people who share particular characteristics like language, culture, value, tradition, history or religion.
Can be identified as a group of people who identify themselves as such- as long as people identify with the characteristics they have in common, they can be considered a nation.
4
Q
Where does confusion arise in what a nation is?
A
Different nations have different charachteristics consider British consider themselves a nation but Scottish identify with a Scottish nationhood. People from most of Spain identify with a Spanish nationhood, those from Barcelona see themselves at Catalonian.
5
Q
SELF-DETERMINATION:
How is self-determination defined?
A
Nations being able to decide how they’re governed.
6
Q
What is the belief in self-determination based on?
A
Based on the view that nations are genuine political associations and only they know what is in their own nation interest.
7
Q
Why is self-determination controversial?
A
Different forms of nationalism have different views about its desirability and benefits for other nations.
8
Q
Examples of different opinion about self-determination:
A
Some believe that international order can exist only when all nations have the right to self-determination
Others believe that only they, and no other nation, have the right to self-determination.
9
Q
What has self-determination led to in some cases in history?
A
Much conflict.
One e.g. : Balkan Wars in 1990s- Serbs, Croats, Slovenians and Bosnians- each of whom identified themselves as individual nations- fought to win self-determination.
10
Q
NATION-STATE:
What is a nation vs what is a state?
A
Nation- group of people who identify themselves as such
State- refers to the geographical area with clear boundaries
11
Q
So what is a nation state?
A
A nation of people who rule themselves in their own sovereign territory
12
Q
How does a nation-state come about?
A
Through national self-determination. The two concepts are closely related.
13
Q
In todays world, what is the nation-state?
A
Usual organisation of a country.
14
Q
In regards to nation states, what is history like?
A
Nations didn’t always have right to self-determination. Yugoslavia- made up of 5 nations- was one country until 1990s.
Further back in history you go, the less nation states.
15
Q
What has been the aim of liberal nationalists? (in regard to nation states)
A
To create a world of nation-states who co-operate with each other. Each nation should have right to self-determination.
16
Q
What does chauvinistic nationalism feel about nation-states and self-determination?
A
Reject liberal nationalist aims.
They believe only some nations can benefit from nation-state hood while other nations should accept their positions as colonies of ‘stronger’ nations.
17
Q
What is the definition of chauvinistic nationalism?
A
A form of nationalism that believes that one nations is superior to others, regarding others as threat to its survival
18
Q
What was a sign of prestige, in history, for larger countries? What was this know as?
A
For them to rule over smaller/weaker countries. Is known as imperialism/colonialism.
19
Q
What was the key aim of monarchs/countries in history?
A
To have an empire.
20
Q
CULTURALISM:
What is cultrualism (in terms of nationhood)?
A
A way of understanding nationhood.
It’s the view that people have an emotional connection with their country that draws them together?
21
Q
How does culturalism differ from civic nationalism?
A
Civil nationalism (like liberal nationalism) is based on a ration approach to nationhood, culturalismos argues that people have a deeper, more emotional tie to their country.
22
Q
What do proponents of culuralism believe?
A
That each nation has an essence tied up in its: art, culture, music, folklore and language.
23
Q
What did German intellectual Johann Gottfried claim about culuralism?
A
Each nation had its own unique volkgiest- folk spirit, a culmination of its unique experiences, history and culture.
For herder, no nation could be the same as any other nation, and each notions culture was as valuable as any other’s.
24
Q
What is Herder seen as (in relation to culturalism)?
A
Seen as the developer of culturalrism.
25
How have Herders ideas regarding culturalism been used?
Used to justify expansionist nationalism. The idea that one nations unique spirit can be superior to that of other nations, thereby justifying imperialism and domination.
Herder himself rejected this idea.
26
What do cultural views of nationhood say about membership of a nation?
How does this differ from civic nationalism?
Cultural views state that membership of a nationhood takes time to develop.
Civic nationalism argues membership can be instant.
27
Example of culturalsim and nationhood:
French person
28
Example of culturalsim and nationhood:
Person may become a French citizen and speak French fluently but this doesn't necessarily make them French. Technically French but will only 'genuinely' become French after they've spent years living as a French person, absorbing themselves in French culture and way of life.
29
What is culuralism concerned with for a nation?
Concerned with protecting nations unique culture, without focusing on specific ambitions for statehood.
E.g. is Wales. Welsh are proud of their unique culture within the UK, many wish to revive language at schools and ensure that Folklore and songs continue throughout the generations but not very interested in self-determination and
30
What is culuralism concerned with for a nation?
Concerned with protecting nations unique culture, without focusing on specific ambitions for statehood.
E.g. is Wales. Welsh are proud of their unique culture within the UK, many wish to revive language at schools and ensure that Folklore and songs continue throughout the generations but not very interested in self-determination and independence.
31
What is culuralism concerned with for a nation?
Concerned with protecting nations unique culture, without focusing on specific ambitions for statehood.
E.g. is Wales. Welsh are proud of their unique culture within the UK, many wish to revive language at schools and ensure that Folklore and songs continue throughout the generations but not very interested in self-determination and independence. Instead, they see the devolution settlement as an acceptable way to gain the freedom to protect their culture without needing total political independence.
32
What does culturalism have strong links with?
Patriotism- having a significant emotional connection with a country.
33
What does culturalism have strong links with?
Patriotism- having a significant emotional connection with a country. May result in willingness to make sacrifices for country.
34
RACIALISM:
:
35
What is racialism?
The belief that ask members of each race possess characteristics, abilities and qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior/superior to another race.
36
What are racialist ideas rooted in?
In the belief that humanity isn't one single human race but can be divided into separate races.
It states that the differences between the races are biological and fixed.
37
What do racialist theories ascribe to each race? What does this lead to?
Ascribe different traits to different races - leads to a racial hierarchy with certain races being naturally good/bad at something.
38
What do racialist theories then advocate?
Advocate racial segregation to avoid polluting the blood stock of races.
39
E.g. Hitler's racialist theories:
He believed the world was divided into 3 categories: founders, bearers and destroyers of culture. Founders were responsible for all creativity in the world, bearers were able to appreciate the greatness of founders but destroyers were pitted in an unheeding battle with founders of culture and were responsible for all evils in society. Aryans were the founders of culture, bearers were Slavs, Asian and Latin people and the destroyers of culture were gypsies, Jews and black people.
40
Race vs ethnicity:
:
41
What is race? vs what is ethnicity?
Race: concerns a persons biological makeup
Ethnicity: refers to a variety of attributes about an individual -the culture they associate with, culture their parents associate with (ancestry), language they speak, religion they follow, history of region they were brought up in.
42
What has ethnicity done?
Replaced the word race.
43
INTERNATIONALISM:
:
44
What is the belief in internationalism?
The belief that the world should unite and connect across national boundaries, looking beyond what is best for individual nations and what is best for the world.
45
What is the aim of internationalism?
To secure a peaceful world.
46
What types of nationalism also have an International perspective?
Socialist internationalism
| Liberal Internationalism
47
Liberal Internationalism:
:
48
What is the overarching belief of liberal inter/nationalists?
Nations have the right to self-determination.
49
What is the aim of liberal nationalists?
To create a world of independent nation states.
50
What do liberal nationals believe?
| What will this create?
That independent nation-states will seek to co-operate with each other as and when they need - culturally, economically and educationally.
This will create interdependence as they trade goods and services, share ideas and exchange cultures.
51
What is the key aim of cop-operation / interdependency for liberal nationalists?
To secure an internationally stable and peaceful world where disputes can be solved rationally without resorting to violence.
This has led liberals to put their belief in supranational institutions (exist above national institutions) like EU or UN to help resolve conflicts. - Sovereign nation-states need to be kept in check by supernatioanl institutions.
52
Socialist internationalism:
:
53
What is socialist internationalism concerned with?
Extending the idea of co-operation, community and humanity across the world, believing that humans aren't naturally divided into nations and are instead connected to the whole of humanity, whatever country they happen to be living in.
54
What does socialism reject? Why?
Reject the concept of nationalism. They believe nationalism/patriotism were part of a 'false consciousness' created to artificially divide the proletariat and stop them seeing they were all exploited by bourgeoise. The point of 'false consciousness' was to stop the proletariat of world uniting and rising up against their bourgeoise bosses.
55
Core principles and ideas of nationalism in action:
:
56
Human Nature:
Civic nationalism is a rational form of nationalism, as its based on citizens actively participating in society as equals.
Liberal Nationalism is rational, inclusive and progressive.It promotes mutual respects for rights and national identities, believing that sovereign nations should co-operate to create interdependency and avoid conflict.
Culturalism, when nationhood is based on shared culture rather than civic loyalties, is a more emotional, irrational approach to nationalism, centred on the volksgeist- the unique, cultural 'spirit' of a nation. It's an exclusive form on nationalism as it takes time to be part of the nation.
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism are the most irrational, believing a nation (and sometimes race) to be naturally superior to others, who threaten their survival. These forms often result in integral nationalism- an intense, hysterical form of nationalism in which the individuals is absorbed into the nation.
Some argue that all types of nationalism are based on irrationality because they all subscribe to patriotism, which is defined as having a significant emotional connection with a country. Some argue nationalism is part of their nature.
57
The State:
All nationalists recognise the role of the state in the sense of a nation-state. Liberal and anti-colonial/post-colonial nationalists see the nation-state as the only legitimate unit of government, advancing freedom from oppressive imperialist domination and allowing nations to decide their own destiny within their own borders. Liberal nationalists seek a world of independent nation states, as this offers the prospect of peace and international order if regulated by supranational laws and institutions.
Conservative nationalism values the nation-state as a socially and culturally cohesive unit, helping to bind bind the nation closer together.
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism reject nation-statehood for all, believing its only for a privileged few nations that are sufficiently developed.
58
Society:
Civic nationalism is based on a commitment to a shared vision of society based on civic loyalties where society requires peoples active participation. This represents an inclusive vision of society, not based on shared experiences. Traditionally, civic nationalism is associated with a progressive society, where society is constantly improving and advancing.
However, culturalism is based on people sharing cultural values in society. Often culturalism is based on defining the nation by ethnicity, when a nations shares a common distinctive culture, religion or language. This is a more exclusive vision of society.
Extreme versions of culturalism are chauvinistic and racialism, where society seeks a divide in 'us' and 'them'. These ideas can be seen as regressive, as they seek to revert soviet to a former or less advanced state.
59
The economy:
A nation state can be defined as a group of people who control their own economy.
Liberal nationalists assume that independent nation-states want to co-operate economically, leading to a world where disputes are settled rationally.
Socialist internationalists, argue that nationalism is based on economic exploitation of weak economies buy strong capitalist ones. Lenin argued that capitalism had avoided collapse by 'buying-off' its indigenous population with proceeds made by exploiting colonies.
Garvey argued that black people would only be respected where they were economically strong, and proposed an independent black economy.
Chauvinistic nationalism sees other nations as a threat to their survival, so they support economic self-sufficiency- autarky. Expansionsit, chauvinistic forms of nationalism reject any reliance and co-operation with other nations. This need for economic self-sufficiency also creates an additional reason for colonialism.
60
5.2- DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATIONALISM:
::
61
Intro:
Many different types of nationalism have developed. Seen as a 'chameleon ideology' due to its ability to adapt to any ideology- examples of extreme right and extreme left-wing nationalism.
62
Which 3 paradoxes are contained within nationalism?
1) Can be a force for peace of violence
2) Can be a force for democracy or dictatorship
3) It can be either progressive, moving towards improving society, or reactionary, opposing progress or reform.
63
LIBERAL NATIONALISM:
Rousseau
Collective will of community
Legitimate government requires active citizen participation
self-determination
64
How do liberal nationalists see nations?
As entities in their own rights, they should be allowed to determine their own destiny with our outside influence.
65
What is the ideal form of government for national liberals?
Ideal form of government is the nation state- seen as only legitimate basis for political rule- ideal political community.
66
What does a state give nations?
A meaningful autonomous existence whereby they can fulfil their national ambitions.
67
How is nationhood for liberal nationalists? What is it based on?
Its inclusive and open.
Its based on a civic understanding of nationalism- being committed and loyal to the nation's values is the primary requirement for membership so anyone who identifies passionately with the values of a nation should be permitted to join.
This type of nationalism is also progressive - society is forward-looking, seeking to advance and improve to make itself better and fairer.
68
What idea did the Enlightenment give rise to?
Nation-state was the ultimate expression of rationalism; people of the same nation should rule themselves in their own state. Liberals seek an ideal world full of nation-states.
69
What do liberals associate nationalism with?
Freeing nations from colonial enslavement and creating democratic nation-states.
70
What do liberals believe independent nations states will do?
Co-operate with each other for mutual benefit.
71
Why is economic important to national liberals?
It can help create a stable and peaceful world order.
72
Why is free trade important for liberal nationalists?
Free trade between nations creates a culture of interdependency.
73
What is the ideal liberal view of the world?
World of independent nation-states co-operating with each other economically, creating a level of interdependence that would reduce the possibility of conflict, as countries who trade with each other and are mutually interdependent will always seek peaceful ways of resolving areas of disagreement.
74
Why was the EU set up?
Fundamental purpose was to promote greater social, political and economic harmony among the nations of Western Europe, as nations whose economies are interdependent are less likely to go to war.
75
How was the creation of the EU views by liberal nationalists?
This was seen as the ultimate form of rationalism- reason domination irrationalism and discussion triumphing over waging war.
76
What have liberal nationalists been concerned about? (powerful nations)
Powerful nations may try to dominate less powerful ones.
77
As a result of the fear of powerful nation, what have liberals come to accept?
The need for supranational institutions to police the international world- motivation behind the creation of the UN and NATO(idea of collective security.
78
CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM:
```
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Every nation has its own unique character
Culuralism
Patriotism
Volksgeist- special spirit of the nation
```
79
What is conservative nationalism?
Inward form of nationalism, shows little regard for self-determination of other nations
80
What type of states does Conservative Nationalism tend to exist in?
Older nation-states like UK and France.
81
What was Conservative nationalism seen as a way to do?
Seen as a way of creating cohesion and unity within society. Conservatives saw that using nationalism to focus on shared traditions, history and culture could create a common bond within a nation, which could override issues which divided the people.
82
How do Conservative nationalists understand nationhood?
hey understand nationhood in cultural terms, as people who share common traditions, history and culture.
83
What is conservatism primarily concerned with?
Conserving society as it is
84
How do conservative nationalist see the nation state?
See it as a focal point of national unity, helping to bind people together.
85
What does conservative nationalism aim to remind its people?
What they have in common and the past experiences they share.
86
How does conservative nationalism use nostalgia?
Uses nostalgia to create a cohesive society- reminding people the political storms and historical catastrophes they've endured together
87
How do Conservative Nationalists use the state?
As a source of unity the embodies the nations spirit. National celebrations of birth dates of important historical figures commemorate the uniqueness of the nation's culture while sporting event foster a sense of national unity.
88
What do conservatives believe about humans? (security wise)
Humans seeks security and are drawn to their own people.
89
What kind of view does conservative nationalism encourage of the nation?
Encourages an emotional, nostalgic view of the nation
90
How does conservative nationalism use rituals and ceremonies?
Uses ceremonies and rituals to appeal to peoples deep cultural connection to their nation?
91
Due to Conservative nationalisms' view on the nation and its use of rituals/ceremonies, what type of nationalism is it?
Irrational form of nationalism as its based on emotion, not reason and logic.
92
How do Conserivative nationalists see/use patriotism?
See it as a powerful unifying force. Have used it as basis for political order and stability: instead of seeing the divides I society such as 'rich' and 'poor', people are encouraged to see themselves as one British nation.
93
Is Conservative nationalism inclusive/ exclusive?
Tends towards exclusiveness.
94
Why is Conservative nationalism exclusive?
To feel a part of the nation, you have to have shared the historical events that bind society together so people are essentially excluded from feeling a part of that nation until they themselves have shared experiences as part of the nation.
Membership of the nations thus isn't instant, takes time.
95
Why does conservative nationalism tend to be inward looking?
Concerns itself with defending its own national identity way of life rather than concern itself of other nations.
96
For conservative nationalists, what must one do to become a part of the nation?
Give up any customs/traditions they have that go against the national character. Immigrants need to assimilate themselves into new society and adopt its customs.
97
What notion does conservative nationalism stand against? Why/how?
Notion of cultural diversity and multiculturalism, requiring an absolute commitment to the shared customs, values and traditions of the host nation.
98
If the stability of a nation seems to be threatened, what does conservative nationalism become?
Becomes xenophobic, suspicious and hostile.
99
How can conservative nationalism be linked to the Brexit referendum?
Anti-immigration sentiment was key factor in vote- national identity seemed under threat from too many immigrants
National character and culture were also seen as being under assault from the European Union, European bureaucratic elite trying to impose very different attitudes and cultures on the UK (related to culturalism)
100
ANTI-COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL NATIONALISM:
Marcus Garvey.
101
What are anti-colonial and post-colonial nationalism used to describe?
Countries that have gone through 2 historic phases, giving their experience of nationalism a dual character.
102
What does anti-colonial nationalism refer to?
Refers to first stage- where indigenous population of the colonies begin questioning and then rejecting the supremacy and authority of the colonial powers. This usually emerges alongside a rising sense of their own nationhood.
103
What does post-colonial nationalism refer to?
Refers to the second phase and the experiences of these nations once they have achieved their goal of independence.
104
What does the 'scramble for Africa' refer to?
Time period in 1880s when European powers invaded, occupied and annexed Africa for their own interests. By 1914- 90% of Africa was under colonial rule.
105
When did anti-colonial nationalism start?
Started when the oppressed nations began to recognise their oppression and reject the culture of their oppressors, wishing to follow their own traditional ways.
106
What other type of nationalism can anti-colonial nationalism be seen as?
Liberal nationalism- the desire for a nation to rule itself in its own sovereign territory.
107
Whys is anti-colonial nationalism distinct?
Refers to the experiences of African, Asian and Latin America nations, which were all subject to the same phenomenon over a similar period.
108
Who was the symbol of India's anti-colonial movement?
Gandhi- main leader of independence movement. Advocated a form of non-violent resistance against the British. One example is the salt march- in protest over salt laws he waled 240 miles and was joined by thousands of marchers on the way. Were confronted by British police and 60,000 people arrested-inc Gandhi. American journalist criticised British police brutality, international outcry over injustice. India granted independence in 1947- Gandhi and his method of resistance (Satayagraha) is a key reason.
109
What does post colonial nationalism refer to?
The experience of the nations after they've achieved independence.
110
What was colonial rule often replaced by? Why?
Non-Wester / anti-western ideas.
These nations wanted to throw off the yolk of colonialism in every way and didn't want to replicate their oppressors by setting up capitalist, liberal democracies.
111
How was independence viewed by African and Asian nations? What did they usually do?
Viewed as being able to shape their own destiny based on their traditional culture and practices. Often looked towards socialist ideas to provide a framework.
112
Why did post-colonial nationalism find connections with socialism?
1) Related strongly to Lenin's analysis of imperialism as a form of capitalist oppression.
2) Former colonies looked towards Marxism/Leninism as a guide to developing their countries' national movement and a focal, unifying force.
3) Former colonies have been attracted to socialist values that resonate more closely with their traditional ways of life as communities, co-operating together and sharing ownership.
113
How has post-colonial nationalism been linked to black nationalism?
Through Marcus Garvey and the many movements that emerged from his ideas.
He believed the answer to equality was twofold:
1) Black people had to be proud of their race and see the beauty within themselves
2) More radical alternative was for black people to go to Africa and set up an African nation in their ancient homeland. Only when they could show white people that they could be successful economically, culturally and politically in their homeland, would they earn the respect of others and be treated as equals.
114
EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM:
:
115
What does expansionist nationalism exist alongside?
Alongside a belief in chauvinism. National chauvinism is the belief in the superiority of one nation and the inferiority of other nations.
116
What does expansionist nationalism tend to be?
Explicitly racialist, where membership is often restricted to those of a certain raise.
117
What does expansionist nationalism seem to lack?
A clear unifying philosophy.
118
What regimes is expansionist nationalism usually associated with?
Fascist regimes of 1930s and 40s- Germany, Italy and Japan
| Can also be linked to the 'scramble for Africa' in 19th century.
119
How do Hitler's views link to Expansionist nationalism?
Arya race was the master race, superior to the Slavic race which occupied huge land to the east of Germany that was full of natural and mineral resources. It was wrong that an inferior race should occupy such a large, plentiful area of land. To Hitler, the answer was obvious and simple: the Aryan race should take the land to their east- The Soviet Union- for themselves.
120
Why else would expansionist nationalists want to expand?
| Link this to Germany-
For economic self-sufficiency- autarky- rejecting any reliance and co-operation with other nations.
Germany in ww1 suffered trade blockades that caused food shortages, so the need for economic self-sufficiency via the newly acquired land was an added impetus.
121
What are expansionist forms of nationalism highly?
Highly militaristic- they associate an empire with evidence of national greatness, based on the notion of survival of the fittest nation- army is the tool to do this. Attention is focused to remilitarising and expanding the army.
122
Under exapanstionst nationalism what do the state, military and government become? What is their mission?
The state, government and army become fused and the countries resources are devoted to their mission of world domination.
123
What is expansionist nationalism in its outlook?
Highly irrational. Its belief in national chauvinism is a form of integral nationalism; the individual is swept away on a tide intense passionate patriotism and is prepared to make sacrifices for the good of the nation.
124
How do expansionist nationalists use past periods of national greatness?
Use past periods of national greatness alongside myths, art culture and folklore to create a high emotional, anti-rational approach to nationalism.
125
Are the ideas progressive/regressive?
Ideas are regressive- society returns to a former less developed state, often supporting ideas and values from previous times that may be seen as old fashioned.
126
Expansionist nationalist thinker:
Charles Maurras- 'a true nationalist places his country above everything'.
Military might and expansion
Certain nations are superior.
Anti individualism and aggressive expansion
