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Politics Paper 2 > Nationalism > Flashcards

Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

When did nationalism first become a political movement?

A

Mid-19th century

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2
Q

Simplest definition of nationalism?

A

The idea that the nation is the most appropriate unit of government

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3
Q

What key theories are associated with nationalism?

A

The nation
Organic community
Self-determination
Identity politics

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4
Q

Describe the basic idea of ‘organic community’

A
  • People are naturally divided into a collection of nations with distinctive characters and identities
  • ‘Higher loyalty’ to the nation than to any other collective group
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5
Q

Describe the basic idea of ‘self-determination’

A
  • A nation governing itself
  • Nation isn’t just a natural community but also a political community
  • Often expressed through independence however sometimes through federalism or devolution
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6
Q

Describe the basic idea of ‘identity politics’

A
  • Andrew Haywood – “Nationalism tells people who they are”
  • Cultural nationalism emphasises the nation as a distinctive civilisation rather than political community = less rational, traditional, romantic
  • Ethnic nationalism emphasises loyalty to a particular population, group or geographical area and is seen as exclusive
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7
Q

What is a state?

A

A political term that refers to a geographical area that is organised and has a government

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8
Q

What are the 4 components of a state?

A

Territory, people, government, and sovereignty

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9
Q

What is a nation?

A

A population who share a similar culture and ideas that can be formed as a result of many factors including a common race, religion, language or history

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10
Q

Who are the main thinkers of nationalism?

A 
Von Herder 
Rousseau 
Mazzini 
Maurras 
Garvey
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11
Q

Describe Von Herder:

A
  • 18th century German writer
  • Overarching conservative nationalism
  • Linked to romantic and cultural nationalism = every nation different with own character
  • Each nation possesses a ‘volksgeist’ – national spirit
  • Importance of language “Has a nation anything dearer than the speech of its fathers”
  • Regressive
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12
Q

Describe Rousseau:

A
  • 18th century French philosopher
  • Father of liberal nationalism
  • Influenced the French Revolution
  • Self-determination and popular sovereignty
  • Civic nationalism – state is legitimate as it is based on active participation of citizens
  • Will of people
  • Liberal, progressive, rational, civic
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13
Q

Describe Mazzini:

A
  • 19th century Italian writer
  • Liberal nationalism and ideas of nationhood
  • Patriotism = a duty
  • Founded ‘Young Italy’ – revolutionary nationalist movement linked to self-determination to overthrow monarchies
  • Romantic nationalism
  • Republicanism – combination of nationalism and popular democracy
  • Liberal, progressive, emotional, cultural
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14
Q

Describe Maurras:

A
  • 19th/20th century right-wing French nationalist
  • Restoring traditional values and being patriotic
  • Xenophobic – blamed Jewish people for decline in French fortune
  • Ultra-conservative nationalism
  • Integral nationalism – intense and very emotional, demands complete obedience to ideals of the nation and can be linked to Fascism
  • Militarism
  • Interests of the nation should always be more important than narrow self-interest
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15
Q

Describe Garvey:

A
  • 20th century Jamaican activist
  • Equality
  • Ultimate dream was a United States of Africa
  • Wanted to end imperial rule
  • Black nationalism and black pride
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Inspired Malcolm X and Nation of Islam
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16
Q

What did Anthony Smith describe nationalism as?

A

A chameleon ideology - due to its adaptable nature

17
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: where has it developed?

A

In established nation-states rather than ones in the process of nation building

18
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: what do they think of self-determination?

A

Less concerned with universal self-determination and more focused on patriotism and national unity

19
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: how do they view society?

A

Society is organic and that nations develop from people’s preferences to live with those with same appearance and values as themselves

20
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: main aim?

A

To have pride in one’s country and to encourage national unity through patriotism

21
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: progressive or regressive?

A

Regressive as celebrates tradition by being nostalgic

22
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: use of institutions?

A

Can be viewed as symbols of national identity such as the monarchy

23
Q

CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM: example?

A

Herder’s focus on ‘volksgeist’ shows irrationality as focus is on emotion not logic

24
Q

EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM: what is it?

A

An extreme form of conservative nationalism that is deemed as irrational, chauvinistic, militaristic

25
Q

EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM: what do they think of self-determination?

A

Rejects the rights of all nations to self-determination – linked to chauvinism (national superiority) and based on intense nationalist emotion

26
Q

EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM: what did Maurras call intense patriotism?

A

Integral nationalism – where the nation is more important than any individual or independent group

27
Q

EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM: what is it often accompanied by?

A

Militarism

28
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: aim?

A

A world of autonomous, independent nation-states

29
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: key features

A

Progressive, rational, tolerant

30
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: what do they think of self-determination?

A

Nations are equal so should be fully entitled to the right of self-determination

31
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: views on foreign domination?

A

Opposes all form of foreign domination and oppression

32
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: where is it found?

A

In nations that are part of a larger stat but wish to be independent eg. Scotland

33
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: example of a thinker?

A

Mazzini wanted Italy to become independent from the Austro-Hungarian empire
(Also, Rousseau)

34
Q

LIBERAL NATIONALISM: views on supranational organisations?

A

Believe that powerful nation-states may try to dominate weaker states if left unchecked, so accept the need for governing bodies such as UN and NATO

35
Q

ANTI-COLONIAL NATIONALISM: what is it?

A

Rejecting colonial rule and seeking to have governance returned to indigenous populations

36
Q

ANTI-COLONIAL NATIONALISM: what is post-colonial nationalism?

A

The experiences of nations after their goal of independence has been achieved

37
Q

ANTI-COLONIAL NATIONALISM: what type of democracy is it linked to?

A
  • Autocratic regimes (dictatorships) because under a democratic system newly independent states could collapse
  • Socialist movements to promote economic development eg. Cuba wanted to be free from US domination so rejected free market principles
38
Q

ANTI-COLONIAL NATIONALISM: view of the West?

A

Rejects western ideas and culture

39
Q

ANTI-COLONIAL NATIONALISM: what other type of nationalism is it linked to?

A

Black Nationalism

Politics Paper 2 (5 decks)

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