National Unity Flashcards
Colonial powers of SEA:
- Vietnam
- Indonesia
- Burma
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Singapore
- Vietnam: French
- Indonesia: Dutch
- Burma: British
- Malaysia: British
- Philippines: US
- Thailand: NONE
- Cambodia: French
- Singapore: British
Nature of colonial rule in Vietnam
France:
- Most repressive colonial power
- Granted little political participation
- Ruthless extraction of raw materials
- Blanket suppression
Nature of colonial rule in Indonesia:
- elites
- native concessions
Dutch:
- Adopted “ethical policy” (1901):
Provide education and humanitarian treatment to natives
Small group of western-educated elites (of which Sukarno was a part of)
- Few genuine concessions and nationalists quickly suppressed
- Angered educated elite due to lack of political opportunities
- Natives grew radical from the 1920s
Nature of colonial rule in Burma:
- political participation/concession
- effect on nationalism
- divisions
British: repressive to some extent
- Much political concession granted to encourage the formation of various political groups
- Diarchy constitution passed (1922) to allow more Burmese participation in the legislative council
- 1935: Home rule - allow for elected Burmese legislature
- Rise in nationalism and nationalist leaders
- National diversity and disunity more pronounced
- early Konbuang monarchs brought minority areas into tributary (indep states)
- British exploited to divide Burma into ministerial Burma (Burmese) and frontier (minorities)
Nature of colonial rule in Malaysia:
Control
Autonomy
Policies
British:
- less repressive
- Residency system: allowed locals to keep traditional rulers and religion and tradition
- Indigenous rulers had some freedom in policy making
- Native political activities placid
- Open door immigration policy -> influx of immigrants, widening ethnic divides
Nature of colonial rule in Philippines:
Concessions/policies?
Anti colonial motives?
USA:
- promised independence (only colony to have been promised that)
- emphasised self-government (1907 Philippine Act - establishes senate, House of Representatives, and president)
- 1916 Jones act: political autonomy granted
- 1934 tidings McDuffie act: indep in 10 years
Impact:
- weak anti-colonial motives
- promotion of western education exposed educated elite to administration and politics
Nature of colonial rule in Thailand (was there even one?)
- ideology and conflict of ideology
No colonial power:
- absolute monarchy
Rationale/ideology:
- modernise to defend against colonial powers
- western education promoted through exchanges
- nationalism fostered to protect traditions
Conflict:
- affluent middle class emerged discontent with monarchy
— ANTI STATE NATIONALISM
1925: King Prajadhipok tried to draft constitution for democracy, met with royal opposition
Nature of colonial rule in Cambodia:
- was it significant
1846: Cambodians acquiesced to French protectorate to avoid invasion by siam (Thailand) and Vietnam
- Cambodia not a vital part of French Indochina
- lack of nationalist agitation
1941: Sihanouk takes over as king and prime minister from his father
Political groups/activists in Vietnam under colonial rule:
Ho Chi Minh:
- Revolutionary youth league (1925)
- Indochina communist party (1930): successful due to Great Depression
- Vietminh (1941)
- led Nghe Tinh uprising (1930-31), but crushed by French (strengthened resolve)
- Vietminh strongly opposed Japanese-French alliance during jap occupation during WW2
Vietminh during Japanese occupation
Jap occupation in Vietnam
- strong anti-jap sentiment
- Vietminh received help from allies to conduct guerilla resistance
- Tonkin famine: seen to be caused by jap and French exploitation
- Vietminh redistributed rice, was celebrated
1945: Vietminh established Tonkin as a liberated zone (later replaced by communist committee)
- jap took direct control during occupation, instated emperor Bao Dai (little legitimacy and authority)
Vietnam immediately post jap cooupation:
- Vietminh
- elections
- oppositions
- Vietminh reemerged after jap surrender
- formed DRV
- Vietminh won elections against VNQDD (kmt backed) in 1946 elections
- HCM needed external support (anti communist France and KMT opposition)
- resignation of Bao Dai (later reinstated 1949-55 in State of Vietnam - south part backed by France - pre RoV by USA)
Return of colonial power in Vietnam:
- intentions
- compromises/concessions (treaties)
- war?
- France never intended to give Vietnam independence
- Treaty of Hanoi (1946) made Vietnam a FREE STATE under Indochina federation
- France recognised self governing DRV (north), but not south (due to economic productivity)
1st Indochina war (1946-54):
- Vietnamese ships fired on French patrol vessel (they found the most random excuse)
Main political leadership in Vietnam during decol process:
HCM and his principles
- how did he deal with opposition (who was the opposition in the first place)
- resolution with the French?
Ho Chi Minh:
- advocated domestic stability, moderate, non-violent politics
- make peace with external powers (welcomed KMT, removed communist image, signed treaty of Hanoi (although very unpopular)
- failed to reach peaceful resolution for decol process with French in 1946
First Indochina war (Vietnam)
- key players
- time
- outcome (some kind of conference maybe?)
- Ho Chi Minh vs French (later CCP got involved as well)
- 1946-54
- Vietminh engaged in guerilla warfare, utilised all manpower
- Vietminh took on adminstrative role:
1. Redistributed land
2. Taxation
3. Social welfare (basically getting ready to rule the entire of vietnam
Stalemate towards end of war
- French controlled urban areas
- Vietminh controlled rural jungles
* war weariness among French by 1950
- fall of China to CCP gave Ho STRONG ALLY
- French underestimated Vietminh at Dien Bien Phu (1954)
*vietminh won, French surrendered
-> led to Geneva conference
- declared independent Vietnam, BUT split across the 17th parallel
- to reunite in 2 YEARS -> Truman feared domino effect of communism
Post Indochina war vietnam:
- division (HCM VS DIEM)
- control and legitimacy
- public perception
- 2 things happened in 1960
SOUTH:
- Truman establishes Diem government in South vietnam - did not hold elections in 2 years as promised
- heavy American intervention
- Diem’s government,ent lacked legitimacy unlike Lao Dong
- government highly corrupt, practiced nepotism
- favoured catholic minority
- 1960: Vietcong (national liberation front led by HCM) civil war, NLF supported by peasants
- 1963: Buddhist crisis - Diem conducted temple raids -> US had enuf, assasinated Diem and took over with military regime
- military government under Van Thieu until 1975
NORTH:
- ICP (Indochinese communist party) -> Lao Dong party/VCP (under HCM)
-> TREMENDOUS INFlUENCE (defeated French, domestic stability, redistribution of land, local commitees)
1960 constitution: made HCM president, party members in power
*1969: establishment of Provisional Revolutionary government in south Vietnam (by vietcong) -> bolstered DRV influence
*1958-1960: 3 year plan
-> central economic planning
Vietnam War (2nd Indochina war)
- what year
- important events + year
- outcome
US:
- rolling thunder (1965-66)
- my Lai massacre (1968)
- napalm bombs, agent orange (1968)
DRV:
- tet offensive (1968)
Outcome:
- Johnson (LBJ) did not run for reelection
- Nixon (1971) scaled back attacks
- Public outrage towards US, pulled out in 1973 (Paris Peace Accords)
- PPA had no political resolution, so DRV took back control in 1975, unified in 1976 (by then VCP’s legitimacy entrenched)
How did the Cold War influence the political structures in Vietnam post-independence? (North and south)
The North aligned with the Soviet Union and China, while the South was supported by the US, leading to the Vietnam War.
When was Vietnam reunified, and what event marked this reunification?
Vietnam was reunified on April 30, 1975, after the Fall of Saigon, marking the end of the Vietnam War and the victory of North Vietnam.
What political system was established in Vietnam after reunification in 1976?
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam was established, unifying the country under a single-party communist system
