National Thought Flashcards
What three poles does a nation hover on?
Race, Culture, Society
What is the ‘Ethnie’ of a group?
The acknowledgement of differences and similarities
What is a nation state?
A state that claims to represent and incorporate a nation. I ideal notion.
What are the 5 differenc scripts?
Hebrew, Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic, Greek
5 Groups of Indo-European languages:
Romance, Slavic (S, E, W), Germanic, Celtic and Separate
Who created the Indo-European Model?
Sir William Jones, he realised Sanskrit was related to Greek, English and Latin but not Hebrew or Turkish
What is the difference between cultural and political frontiers?
Cultural frontiers are transitional whereas political are sharp and absolute.
What is the definition of a language and dialect?
There is not a distinction made by linguists between language and dialect.
Language: Communication of a sated, taught in schools and literature.
Dialect: Non-official means of communication in community/region, oral, history is not recorded.
What is the difference between vertical and horizontal assertion of language rights?
Vertical: Between citizens and their authorities
Horizontal : Between inimical nations, countries or antagonistic groups.
In the Middle Ages, what did a ‘nation’ refer to?
A group of people living in the same place or a group that shares a common descent.
Why did the English Crown wish to conquer Ireland?
Claimed it was to morally improve a bestial land however it was likely propaganda by Pope Adrien IV and Henry II as Ireland had a rich monastic life.
Which two ways do cultural minorities stir away from capitals from where they were governed?
Autonomists movements that remember ancient, feudal independence.
Those with separate cultures and identities in a local rustic population.
What were the consequences of the reform in Ireland campaign becoming an actual nationalist movement?
Tradition of ‘native’ bardic learning was reinstated.
Legacy of Gaelic books reproduced.
Antiquarian interest that flourished from 1760 became a public affair.
Irish nationality rooted in Gaelic antiquity was spread by journals and books.
What is Misroslavs Hroch’s phase model?
A. National movements appear - culture bases.
B. Demands for social reform - based on self-awareness.
C. Intensification into mass movement - separatism of the power of state.
A stays present during B + C, A is also a pan-European affair.
What was the European Renaissance?
Transitions and revolutions in the early 15th and 16th century. Reaquaintance with the classical antiquity led to the discovery of classical primitivism: back to nature nostalgia.
What was the Lutheran Conflict from 1517-1520?
1517: Luthers 95 theses in Wittenberg
1520: Papals excommunication thread
1521: Luther is excommunicated (defends himself to Emperor Charles V)
1522: German translation of the New Testament.
When the modern state system began to form, myths had a triple function:
To anchor the modern state in history - the territory in Roman times prefigured the modern situation.
To profile the state as powerful - conquerers had been and always would be resisted.
To show the state embodied a moral collective - linked by traditions.
What was the French process driven by Sebastian Vauban?
A fortification engineer who focused on natural borders. He wanted to acquire the Rhine to close off France’s remaining open frontiers.
Latinate learning and humanism replaced biblical myths of ethnic descent with tribal roots. The most influential one was by Publius Cornelius Tacitus, what did the text contain?
Tacitus’ Germania (100 AD) was printed. Roman reflections of North-European societies spread between contemporary intellectuals. Wrote about the tribes after the Roman Republic had become and Empire. Cultural pessimism about the loss of republican virtue. The tribes were savage, but they destroyed two entire Roman legions. No refinement but moral and political manliness (they elected leaders). His denouncing of Roman decadence made Germania the most influential books in post- medieval Europe.
What are the three types of nationalism?
Separatist - autonomist demand. States cannot hold minorities together.
Centralisation - Cultural divisions are weakening. Centralising policy.
Unification - Urge for unification.
What was Montesquieu’s ideas of trias politica?
That governmental powers are split into three sections: executive, legislative and judicial. This idea is now implemented in the USA
What did John Locke argue and what was his impact?
In his Essay concerning Human Understanding he pondered the growing mental capacity of a human individual. Also analysed political relations in Treatises of Government. He argued that the contract between the King and the people was based on the servicing of both parties and that parliament is needed to authorise the King. Power can never be absolute power.
He inspired the leaders of the American Revolution and his impact was huge in France ie/ on Montesquieu
How was Tacitus views similar to Locke and Montesquieu?
They all believed the republic was great. Montesquieu builds on Locke as the founder of the democratic state, claiming the rule of law is equal to the head of state.
How was Rousseau’s view different to Locke’s and Montesquieu’s?
His 1762 De contrat social is about the contracts between monarchs and the people that form the bases of society. For Rousseau power emanated from the people that formed the society. This was different form Locke and Montesquieu who both used the top down vector constitutional power.
How were Marx’s views similar to Rousseau’s?
Both believed the true power came form the bottom of society, the ‘proletariat’.
What is Essentialism and national essentialism?
Essentialism: outward appearances are motivated by an inner essence. National essentialism arises together with a comparative-systematic view of European nationalism.
How did Robespierre put Tacitus old virtues into practise? What did he and Rousseau both admire?
He exercised what he believed was ‘for the good of the people’ during his reign with the Jacobins. He may have been one of the first modern dictators as the French Republic was a totalitarian regime.
The Spartan society based off discipline.
What is climatological determinism and how does it relate to Montesquieu?
Montesquieu believed that the climate determines a country’s manners and political system as political and constitutional organisation reflect a nations specific character and a character is determined by climate. France had an intermediate climate and therefore a mixed government: parliamentary monarchy. Cold North-Protestants and democratic republic VS Hot South- Catholicism and absolute monarchy
