National 5 Biology Flashcards
Name of the structures found in a cell nucleus that carry genes.
Chromosomes.
Name given to the process of cell division.
Mitosis.
Term used to describe the number of chromosomes present in a cell.
Chromosome Complement.
Name of the identical copies of a chromosome produced by replication that are held together.
Chromatids.
Name of the central part of the cell where the chromosome line up.
The Equator.
Name of the fibres that pull chromatids to opposite poles of a cell.
Spindle Fibres.
Term used to describe a cell with two sets of chromosomes.
Diploid.
Two processes that mitosis provides new cells for.
Growth and Repair.
Name of the basic unit that all living things are made from.
A cell.
Word used to describe an organism composed of many cells.
Multicellular.
Name of the cells in animals that are unspecialised.
Stem cell.
The role of stem cells.
Growth and repair.
Name given to group of similar cells that carry out a specific function.
A tissue.
Name given to a structure made up of several tissues to carry out a function.
An organ.
The two types of stem cell.
Embryonic and tissue.
Two properties of tissue stem cells.
Found from childhood onwards. Can only specialise into specific types of cells.
Two properties of embryonic stem cells.
Found in embryos. Can differentiate into any cell.
Name used to describe a structure made up of several organs working together.
A body system.
Type of signal carried by neurons.
Electrical impulses.
Role of a sensory neuron.
Carry signal to CNS.
Role of a interneuron.
Accept message from sensory neuron and send it out to the CNS.
Two examples of an effector.
Muscle and Gland.
Role of a motor neuron.
Carry message to an effector.
Name of the small gap between two neurons.
Synapse.
Chemical that carries a message across synapse.
Neurotransmitter.
Name given to chemical messengers in the body.
Hormone.
How do hormones travel around the body.
Through the bloodstream.
The term used to describe a very fast response that prevents harm to the body.
Reflex action.
Name given to glands that make and release hormones.
endocrine.
Name of organ that detects changes in blood glucose levels.
Pancreas.
Name of the hormone released when blood glucose levels increase.
Insulin.
Name given to the storage molecule for glucose.
Glycogen.
Name of the hormone released when blood glucose levels decrease.
Glucagon.
Name of the organ that stores excess glucose.
Liver.
Names of the two parts of the CNS.
Spinal cord and Brain.
Names of the parts of the brain.
The Cerebrum, The Cerebellum and The Medulla.
Function of The Cerebrum.
Conscious Thought and Memory.
Function of The Cerebellum.
To maintain Balance.
Function of The Medulla.
Controls Breathing and Heart rate.
Names of the three types of neurons.
Inter, Sensory and Motor.
Term used to describe a cell that has one set of chromosomes.
Haploid.
A term used as an alternative to sex cells.
Gametes.
Name of the male Gamete in animals.
Sperm.
Name of the female Gamete in animals.
Egg.
Name of the organs where eggs are produced.
Ovary.
Name of the organs where sperm are produced.
Testes.
This gamete has a tail allowing it to swim.
Sperm.
This gamete is larger and has a food store.
Egg.
Definition of fertilisation.
The nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete forming a zygote.
Name of the first cell produced as a result of fertilisation.
Zygote.
Definition of biotic factors
Living organisms in an ecosystem
Definition of abiotic factors
Non-living elements of an ecosystem
Three examples of biotic factors
Competition for resources, Predation and Disease
Three examples of abiotic factors
Moisture, Light and pH
Equipment used to measure soil moisture
Moisture meter
Equipment used to measure light intensity
Light meter
Sampling technique used for plants
Quadrat
Sampling technique used for ground dwelling insects
Pitfall trap
Way to minimise error when using a moisture meter
Wipe probe before and after use to remove moisture before sampling
Way to minimise error when using a light meter
Avoid shading the meter with your body / objects
Way to minimise error when using a quadrat
Make sure to take several samples that are random
Aay to minimise error when using a pit fall trap
Cover trap to prevent birds eating insects and dont leave it for too long
How do you increase the reliability of a sample / experiment?
Repeat the experiment several times / have a large sample number
Definition of the indicator species
A species thats presence or absence indicates the level of pollution
What is the process of Respiration.
The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by all cells through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is use to generate what molecule.
ATP
Aerobic Respiration word equation.
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.
Fermentation in Animal Cells.
Glucose —> Lactate + Energy.
Fermentation in Plant/Yeast Cells.
Glucose —> Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol + Energy.
The process of Fermentation only takes place if what chemical is absent.
Oxygen.
What cellular activities could ATP be used for.
Cell Division, Muscle Cell Contraction, Protein Synthesis and Transmission of Nerve Impulses.
Glucose is broken down into what.
Two Molecules of Pyruvate.
if Oxygen is present, what process takes place.
Aerobic Respiration.
If Oxygen is absent in an Animal cell, the Pyruvate Molecules are converted to what.
Lactate.
If Oxygen is absent in Plant/Yeast cells, the Pyruvate Molecules are converted to what.
Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol.
