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Nates Class > Nates Final Exam > Flashcards

Nates Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What resp disease causes inflammation of the mucosa with edema

A

Asthma

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2
Q

Which resp disease causes constriction of the smooth muscle (bronchoconstrcition)

A

Asthma

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3
Q

Which resp disease results in cardiac output and stroke volume lowered due to vasoconstriction

A

Congestive heart failure

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4
Q

Which resp disease is destruction of the alveolar walls which leads to permanently inflated alveolar air spaces (damaged alveoli)

A

Emphysema

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5
Q

How does a pt. With emphysema present?

A

PINK PUFFER
- CO2 retainers
- Skinny
- Warm flushed skin
- Severe dyspnea
- Older and Thin

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6
Q

What happens to the air when there is a partial obstruction of the bronchioles

A

Air trapping

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7
Q

What happens when there is a total obstruction of the bronchioles

A

When mucus plugs completely block flow of already narrowed passages

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8
Q

Patho of bronchoconstriciton

A

Airway becomes inflamed
Bronchioles are constricted
Vasoconstriction takes place as well!

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9
Q

Patho of hypoglycemia

A

Rapid onset that can be caused by…
- not taking meds
- not eating enough
- length and excretion of physical activity
- drinking alcohol

Severely low BGL is an emergency which can cause seizures, brain damage and syncope.

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10
Q

What is a drug blocker

A

Antagonist, it blocks an action of a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a state of equilibrium in the body

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12
Q

What is a MIMETIC

A

Agonist- it initiates or mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Examples of cardiovascular drugs

A

Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
Antiplatatlets
Anticoagulants
ACE inhibitors
Antihyperlipidemic agents
Nitrates
Antianginals

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14
Q

What are beta blockers and what is their function

A

They reduce O2 demand of the heart muscle, affects b1 (cardiac stimulation) and b2 (Bronchiole relaxation) cells.

They dilate blood vessels reducing BP

End in “lol”

Examples…
Metaprolol
Atenolol
Propranolol

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15
Q

What are calcium channel blockers

A

Relaxes smooth muscle, decreasing peripheral resistance.
Used to treat HTN
Typically ends in “INE”

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16
Q

What is the normal value for PaCO2

A

35mmHg-45mmHg

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17
Q

ETCO2 waveform

A

Capnogram begins before exhalation and ends with inspiration

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18
Q

What could a “Shark fin” wave form indicate?

A

Bronchospasm

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19
Q

Why the slope with bronchospasm?

A

Because the movement of air at the alveoli is delayed in a person with bronchospasm, the rise of the plateau is more gradual and the plateau itself becomes slopped

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20
Q

Devices to measure ETCO2

A

Sidestream- an indirect method of measuring exhaled CO2 in non-intubated patients, used for pt’s with resp complaints

In-line or mainstream- direct method of measuring exhaled CO2 with intubated pt’s or pt’s being ventilated with BVM (spragolttic airways or OPA’s)

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21
Q

Hyperventilation - Low CO2 levels

A

When a person hyperventilates, their CO2 goes down, essentially they are blowing off large amounts due to the increased rate of breathing

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22
Q

Causes of hyperventilation

A
  • anxiety
  • bronchospasm
  • pulmonary embolus
  • cardiac arrest
  • hypotension
  • decreased cardiac output
  • cold
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23
Q

Hypoventilation- high CO2 levels

A

When a person hypoventilates, their CO2 goes up, essentially they are retaining CO2 due to the slow rate of breathing

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24
Q

Causes of hypoventilation

A
  • overdose
  • sedation
  • intoxication
  • postictal status
  • head trauma
  • stroke
  • tiring CHF
  • fever
  • sepsis
  • SOB
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25
Q

Relation between ETCO2 and cardiac output

A

When cardiac output is normal, ETCO2 measures ventilations but when cardiac output is decreased, ETCO2 measures cardiac output

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26
Q

ETCO2 in cardiac arrest

A
  • Caponography provides feedback on the quality of CPR
  • ETCO2 of <10 indicates compressions are not deep or fast enough
  • Once circulation is restored spike in ETCO2 occurs
  • ETCO2 values <10 indicate rosc is not likely
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27
Q

Why does ETCO2 suddenly spike in a ROSC

A
  • Large amounts of acidic blood are suddenly returned to the lungs and high amounts of CO2 diffuse into the the alveoli
  • This flood of CO2 causes a remarkable sharp rise in the ETCO2 levels to much higher then normal
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28
Q

Fluid bolus for >2 to <12

A

20mls/kg
Reasses every 100ml
Max of 2000ml

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29
Q

Fluid bolus for >12

A

20ml/kg
Reasses every 250ml
Max of 2000ml

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30
Q

Contraindications for IV canulation

A

Suspected # proximal to the access site

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31
Q

Contraindications for fluid bolus

A

Fluid overload

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32
Q

Conditions for fluid bolus

A

> 2 yrs old
Hypotensive

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33
Q

Conditions for IV canulation

A

> 2 yrs old

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34
Q

Indications for IV fluid therapy

A

Actual of potential need for intravenous medication or fluid therapy

35
Q

S+S of air embolism

A

Hypotension
Cyanosis
Weak and rapid pulse
LOC

36
Q

Management of air embolism

A

Close tubing
Turn patient on left side w head down
Check tubing for leaks
Administer high flow O2
Notify medical direction

37
Q

S+S of phlebitis

A

Pain
Swelling
Redness
Tenderness

38
Q

S+S of infiltration

A

Coolness of skin around the site
Swelling at IV site with or without pain
Sluggish or absent flow rate
No backflow of blood in the IV tubing when clamp fully opened and solution container lowered below IV site

39
Q

What are IV sites based on…

A

Visibility of veins

Stability of vein

40
Q

What IV’s would require an escort for PCP

A
  • blood products
  • medication being infused
  • IV pumps
  • Central lines
  • jugular veins
41
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower solute in the solution then the cells, causes water to go into the cell

Ex. NS, LR

42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher volume in the solution causes water to leave the cell (mannitol)

43
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal inside and outside of the cell

44
Q

Do paramedics consider pre-arrival interventions in cardiac arrest patient into their treatment?

A

As a general rule… NO

Can delivered prior can be documented

45
Q

What is the most important intervention in cardiac arrest?

A

Good quality CPR with minimal time off the chest (ideally no more then 10 seconds for Rhythm analysis)

46
Q

When and where should pulse checks be done in cardiac arrest?

A

Routinely done every 2 minutes, started on the last 15 seconds of the 2 min CPR cycle

Carotid and femoral

47
Q

Joule setting for >24hrs to <8yrs

A

Initial dose 2j/kg

Subsequent dose 4j/kg

Interval of 2 mins

48
Q

Joule settings for >8yrs

A

Zoll: 120, 150, 200

Lifepack: 200, 300, 360

49
Q

Shockable rhythms

A

V-fib and v-tach

Yes Gavin we can shock v tach.

50
Q

Non shockable rhythms

A

Asystole

PEA

51
Q

ETCO2 at 20 mins in cardiac arrest

A

<10 associated with futility
>25 associated with survival

52
Q

Signs of a ROSC

A

Sudden increase in ETCO2
Spontaneous respirations
Palpable pulses
Changes in colour
Spontaneous movement

53
Q

What to do when you get a ROSC (ABCD)

A

A- advanced airway if needed

B- provide optimal ventilation and use waveform capnography: target ETCO2 of 35-40 and optional oxygenation with target sat of 94% to 98%

C- provide optimal perfusion with a target systolic BP of grater then 90, treat hypotension with IV crystalliods as needed… do 12 lead and look for ST elevation, findings should be communicated to receiving facility

D- consider raising head of the bed by 30 degrees

54
Q

DNR

A

Establish presence of DNR asap
If one is present confirm it is valid
If valid can be honoured without patch
If incomplete/not present phone BHP to discuss

55
Q

What interventions can not be done to a pt with a DNR

A

Chest compressions
Defib
Artificial ventilation
Insertion of oropharyngeal, nasalpharyngeal or supregolttic airway
Endotracheal intubation
Transcutaneous pacing
Advanced resuscitation drugs such as but not limited too… vasopressors, antiarrhythmic and opioid antagonists

56
Q

What treatments can be given to a pt with DNR

A

Therapeutic, preventative, palliative, diagnostic, cosmetic or other health related purposes and includes a course of treatment or plan or treatment

57
Q

What needs to be on the DNR to make it valid

A

Pt name
Check box that identifies plan of tax exists or physician current opinion is CPR will almost certainly not benefit pt
Check box to indentify the professional designation of MD, RPN, RN, NP
Printed name of MD, RPN, RN,
Signature of appropriate MD, RPN, RN
Date the form was signed which must be the same as or precede the date of request for ambulance services

58
Q

Medical TOR

A

> 16
Altered LOA
Arrest not witnessed by EMS
No rosc in 20 mins of resus
No defib delivered

59
Q

What drugs end with “dipine”

A

Calcium channel blockers

60
Q

What drugs end with “pril”

A

ACE inhibitors

61
Q

What drugs end with “Pam” or “Lam”

A

Benzodiazepines

62
Q

What drugs end with “asone” or “solone”

A

Corticosteroids

63
Q

What drugs end with “olol”

A

Beta blockers

64
Q

Indications under the STEMI bypass protocol

A

> 18
Chest pain or equivalent consistent with cardiac ischemia / MI
Time from onset of current episode of pain <12hrs
12-lead ECG indicates an acute AMI/STEMI…
A- at least 2mm elevation in leads v1-v3 in at least 2 contiguous leads AND/OR
B- at least 1mm elevation in at least 2 other anatomically contiguous leads OR
C- 12 lead ecg computer interpretation of STEMI and paramedic agrees

65
Q

Contraindications of STEMI bypass

A
  • CTAS 1 and the paramedic is unable to secure the pt airway or ventilate
  • 12 lead is consistent with LBBB, ventricular paced or other STEMI imitator
  • Transport to PCI Center is >60 mins from patient contact
  • Pt is experiencing complication requiring PCP diversion…
    A- mod to severe resp distress and use of CPAP
    B- hemodynamically unstable or symptomatic SBP <90 at any point
    C- VSA without rosc
  • Pt. Is experiencing complication requiring ACP diversion…
    A- ventilation inadequate despite assistance
    B- hemodynamically unstable unresponsive/not amenable to ACP treatment/management
    C- VSA without ROSC
66
Q

Macro drip sets

A

10, 15, 20 gtt/ml

TKVO and large bolus

67
Q

Micro drip sets

A

60gtt/ml

Used to deliver medication over a long period of time

Better to control the amount of fluid in peds and fluid overload

68
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

45% of total body weight

Includes all fluids in the cells

69
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

15% of total body

Water found outside the cell… consists of

Intravascular- in the blood vessel
Interstitial- outside the vasculature but not in the tissue

70
Q

Arteries

A

Thick muscular walls

Consist of inner, middle and outer layer

71
Q

Veins

A

Same 3 layers but have larger volume capacity

Valve to prevent back flow

72
Q

Capillaries

A

Have thin walls, area of gas exchange

73
Q

Catheter selection

A

Adult- 14g/16g/18g/20g

Elderly- 18g/ 20g/ 22g

Paediatric- 22g/ 24g

Selection is based on age, health, size of pt and need for medication, fluid or just tkvo

74
Q

Stable angina

A
  • typically follows same pattern for the pt… predictable pain and location
  • insufficient O2 supply… anaerobic metabolism and accumulation of lactic acid and CO2
  • typically lasts 1-5 mins and is relieved by rest
  • at rest supply is OK despite narrowed arteries but as soon as the person exercises or experiences any type of stress blood flow is not enough to meet hearts needs
75
Q

Unstable Angina

A
  • Same ethology as stable, however the pain is more severe, different feeling and is not as easily relieved by rest or meds
  • Lasts >15 mins and often indicative of pre-MI
  • Greater degree of obstruction of the coronary arteries

Benefits from early and aggressive treatment to prevent infarction

76
Q

AMI (acute myocardial infarction)

A
  • Part of the coronary muscle is deprived of blood flow until the part subsequently dies (infarcts)
  • Most common cause is plaque rupture and thrombus formation… can also occur from spasm of coronary artery with angina arteries already narrowed
  • classified as either STEMI or NSTEMI… clinical presentation is the same only an ECG differentiates them and blood work- troponin is typically the distinguishing factor
77
Q

Ventilation problems

A

Airway obstruction
Chest wall impairment
Neurological control impairment

78
Q

Ventilation problems with examples

A

Upper airway obstruction- foreign body, epiglottis

Lower airway obstruction- asthma, airway edema

Chest wall impairment- trauma, MS

Neurogenic dysfunction- CNS depressant drugs, stroke

79
Q

Diffusion

A

Process of gas exchange between capillaries and alveoli…

Diffusion requires…
- alveolar and capillary walls that are permeable to respiratory gasses
- interstitial spaces not enlarged or filled with fluid
- surface area or sufficient size
- presence of gasses for diffusion

80
Q

Diffusion problems

A
  • inadequate oxygen concentrations
  • alveolar pathologies
  • interstitial space pathologies
  • capillary bed pathologies
81
Q

Perfusion

A

Circulation of blood through pulmonary capillary bed

Perfusion requires…
- adequate blood volume
- adequate hemoglobin
- functioning pulmonary capillaries
- functioning left ventricle

82
Q

Perfusion problems

A

Inadequate blood volume or hemoglobin- shock, anemia

Impaired circulatory blood flow- PE

Capillary wall pathology- Trauma

83
Q

V/Q mismatch

A

V- ventilation Q- perfusion

  • when lungs are functioning properly, 4 litres of air enter the resp track per minute and 5 litres of blood go through capillaries per minute. This leads to a V/Q of 0.8. Once the air is humidified by the respiratory tract, it ends up in the vicinity of 1.0.
  • ideally, V/Q is equal meaning there is just enough o2 to fully saturate blood
84
Q

Shunt and dead space

A

An area with perfusion but no ventilation (V/Q of 0) is termed Shunt.

An area with ventilation but no perfusion is termed dead space.

Nates Class (4 decks)

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