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Nat Dis Flashcards

Yo

1
Q

what is a geohazard?

A

Earth processes involving the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere,
which releases large amounts of energy

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2
Q

natural disaster

A

a geohazard interaction with human activity causing loss of life and property
(human element is important because without people it wouldn’t be a disaster)

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3
Q

deadliest disasters

A

earthquakes are 6/10 of deadliest
hurricanes are 3/10
tsunami is 1/10

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4
Q

how to mitigate disasters

A
  • scientific study
  • population education - YOU!
  • changes in engineering/building practices
  • development of management plans and hazard response scenarios
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5
Q

energy sources for disasters

A
  1. external heat (sun)
  2. internal heat (earth)
  3. force of gravity
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6
Q

external heat

A

drives external motions
- hurricanes, tornadoes
very little percent of sun’s heat reaches the earth’s surface

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7
Q

internal heat

A
  • tremendous amount of heat created and stored from impacts of asteriods early in Earth’s history
  • drives tectonic place motions
    — earthquakes, volvanoes
    energy also created from coninued decay of radioactive minerals
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8
Q

mineral

A

a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a specific chemical
composition, and a specific regular arrangement of atoms
(must know all 5 parts of definition)

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9
Q

what is atomic structure?

A

all minerals are built from regular, repeating arrangements of atoms

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10
Q

what is an element?

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
(a mineral can be an element)

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11
Q

isotope

A

an element with varying amount of neutrons

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12
Q

top 3 elements in the Earth’s crust

A

oxygen
silicon
aluminum

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13
Q

mineral growth

A

minerals naturally grow from whatever elements are available
- therefore, there are a lot of minerals contain O and Si (because most common elements)

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14
Q

silicate minerals

A

minerals that contain O and Si
95% of minerals
most common: quartz

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15
Q

Silica Tetrahedra (SiO4)

A
  • “building block” of silicate minerals
  • combines with other minerals
  • different arrangement of the silica tetrahedra defines the crystal structure of that mineral
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16
Q

native elements

A

elements that are minerals

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17
Q

what is a rock?

A

a naturally occurring solid made of one or more minerals or other solid substances
(more open criteria than minerals)

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18
Q

is coal a rock?

A

yes, sedimentary
it is a naturally occurring solid and made of multiple minerals

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19
Q

igneous rocks

A

form when molten (melted) rock cools and solidifies either under or on the Earth’s surface

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20
Q

result of igneous rock formation speed

A

solidifies slowly underground: large mineral crystals form
solidifies quickly on the surface: small mineral crystals form
solidifies very quickly on the surface: glass forms

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21
Q

intrusive vs extrusive igneous rocks

A

intrusive: slow-cooling rock with many large grains
extrusive: fast-cooling rock with many small grains

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22
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

form when an existing rock of any of the three types re-crystallizes (but does not melt)
it experiences elevated temperatures and/or pressures

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23
Q

parent rocks

A

the rock that turns into a metamorphic rock
limestone -> marble
shale -> slate
sandstone -> quartzite

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24
Q

contact metamorphism

A

high temp, low pressure
- occurs where a hot magma intrudes colder, older rocks
- “cooks” the surrounding parent rocks
non banding present

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25
regional metamorphism
high temp, high pressure occurs where continental collisions form mountain belts - deep core of mountains experience higher temps and pressures - results in light/dark bands, "foliation"
26
sedimentary rocks
form on/near the Earth's surface or under the oceans lithification (transforming into rock) of fragments of other rocks, organic remains, and/or solids precipitated from liquids (ex. salt)
27
mechanical formation - sedimentary rocks
transformation of sediments/rock fragments ex. sandstone, mudstone, shale
28
chemical formation - sedimentary rocks
evaporation, precipitation of minerals ex. limestone, gypsum, salt
29
recycling of rocks
occurs from weathering and plate tectonics COVERED IN PLATE TECTONICS?
30
the rock cycle
~100 million years per cycle not a completely closed loop nearly complete crust replenishment every 2-3 billion years
31
2 rock types on Cathy
limestone (walls) granite (stairs)
32
solid earth circulation
earth's crust moves horizontally and vertically together with erosion, weathering, and lithification there is a large amount of rock recycling
33
continental drift
proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1924 continenets seem to fit together proposed scientific processes bc he had more data (similar geology on diff continents, similar fossils, consistent glacier evidence)
34
skeptics of continental drift
no explanation of energy source can't prove that animals and plants hadn't just migrated no info about sea floor - didn't make sense that a continent could plow thru the sea floor
35
theory of plate tectonics
sea floor spreads at the center younger rocks at the center ridge, older rocks near the continents the mantle of Earth is convecting
36
2 hypotheses that became the theory of plate tectonics
1) continental drift 2) sea floor spreading
37
5 steps of scientific method
1. observation and data collection 2. hypothesis 3. prediction 4. testing and debate 5. formulate a theory (if lucky)
38
3 types of plate boundaries
transform divergent convergent
39
major compositional zones of Earth
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
40
major mechanical zones of the upper Earth
lithosphere (outermost layer of Earth's structure) asthenosphere (below lithosphere, where convection occurs)
41
how do we know interior structure of earth?
seismic waves and they move through the interior
42
divergent boundary
plates spread produces small earthquakes
43
convergent
plates come together called subduction zones increased volcanic activity, produce large earthquakes
44
transform
plates slide past each other produce moderate earthquakes
45
body waves
move through the volume of the Earth p-waves and s-waves
46
P waves
primary waves compressional particle movement fastest speed in the crust like sound waves and can pass through solid, liquid, and gas
47
S waves
secondary/shear waves second fastest waves side-to-side particle motion more damaging to structures because of the shearing ground motion can only pass through solids
48
surface waves
very upper surface of the crust slower than body waves very damaging to structures love-waves and rayleigh-waves
49
love waves
side to side motion surface wave
50
rayleigh waves
rotating particle motion surface wave
51
location of earthquake epicenters
shallow dipping crust: further inland, away from the subduction zone steeper dipping crust: closer to shoreline and subduction zone
52
how we know the structure of Earth
seismology measures the change in wave speed as it passes through the different layers
53
compositional zones of earth
- crust -- continental (thicker, less dense, older) -- oceanic (thinner, more dense, younger) - mantle (allows plate tectonics to happen, uniform composition of rock, press. and temp. increase with depth, low velocity) - core -- outer core (liquid, convection, hot as hell) -- inner core (solid, high pressure overcomes the high temp to create solid)
54
mechanical zones of earth
- upper layer (lithosphere, defines a tectonic plate, brittle, combo of crust and upper mantle) - asthenosphere (all mantle, plastic behavior - flows when stress is applied, partial melting)
55
earthquakes
ground movement caused by a release of seismic energy caused by brittlel failure fo rocks under stress kills the most people per year strike without precursors or warnings
56
earthquake release point
called the focus or hypocenter energy radiates in all directions
57
epicenter
point on the surface directly above the focus
58
fault trace
line where the fault/fracture intersects the surface
59
headwall and footwall
headwall - rock layers above the fault plane footwall - rock layers below the fault plane
60
normal fault
extensional due to tensional stress <-- --> smallest earthquakes headwall moves down in respect to footwall
61
reverse fault (thrust)
due to compressional stress --> <-- largest magnitude earthquake, but can be deep which weakens the energy reaching the surface head wall moves up with respect to footwall
62
transform fault
side to side not as strong as reverse faults, but usually shallower and more damaging
63
EQ detection
seisomograph- detects and records ground motion (seismometer and the data) seismometer - anchored to the bedrock and detects motion seismogram - the recording of the seismic waves
64
magnitude/richter scale
quantitative log scale a M5.0 EQ has 10 times more ground motion but 48 times more energy released than an M4.0 EQ limitations - expensive to set up seismometers and can't help analyze historical earthquakes
65
intensity/Mercalli scale
qualitative - human perception and property damage I-XII limitations - biased toward populated regions, subjective
66
earthquake locations
9/10 largest earthquakes in US were in AK nearly all of the largest in the world were in the Ring of Fire
67
earthquake depth
- shallow focus -- 85% of total energy released per year -- mostly transform and normal faults - intermediate focus -- 12% of total energy released yearly -- mostly thrust faults - deep focus -- 3% of energy -- only at convergent boundaries -- not due to brittle failure, too hot - prob due to mineral transformations
68
earthquake intentsity factors
magnitude duration of shaking rock types at surface (effects amount of shaking and building damage, landslides, liguifaction) quality of structures human population
69
tsunami overview
caused by a major transfer of energy into the ocean water - disturbance at sea floor can strike any coast but more common in Pacific
70
tsunami characteristics
disturbance of water column propegation of water away from the source in all directions

Nat Dis (1 decks)

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