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Biology > Nat 5 Biology > Flashcards

Nat 5 Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell activity

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

To control the entry and exit of substances into and out the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cell chemical reactions take place

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4
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure responsible for protein synthesis

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6
Q

Function of a cell wall in a plant cell

A

Made up of the structural carbohydrate called cellulose it’s function is for support it helps the plant keep shape

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7
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains the green chemical chlorophyll chlorophyll traps light energy so that the plant can carry out photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What is a fungal cell wall made of

A

Chitin

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11
Q

Does a fungal cell photosynthesise

A

No

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12
Q

Why makes up an animal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion 
Ribosome
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13
Q

What makes up a plant cell

A 
Cell wall 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Chloroplast
Vacuole 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion 
Ribosome 
Nuclear membrane
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14
Q

What makes up a fungal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Ribosome 
Cell wall 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion
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15
Q

What makes up a bacterial cell

A 
Cell wall 
Circular DNA 
Ribosome 
Capsule 
Cytoplasm 
Plasmid
Cytoplasmic cell membrane
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16
Q

What is the cell membrane known to consist

A

Protein and phosolipids and molecules

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17
Q

Name molecules that do not pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Glucose and amino acids ions such as potassium

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18
Q

What does selectively permeable mean

A

Large molecules such as starch and proteins are unable to pass through

The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable

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19
Q

What is passive transport

A

Passive transport means molecules always move down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration

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20
Q

Give two examples of passive transport

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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21
Q

Does passive transport require energy

A

No

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22
Q

Meaning of diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until the concentration becomes equal

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23
Q

Meaning of osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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24
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane from low to high concentration

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25
Q

Is active transport against a concentration gradient

A

Yes

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26
Q

Does active transport require energy

A

Yes this energy is released during respiration

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27
Q

What is a gene

A

Genes are sections of dna containing coded instructions for making specific protein

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28
Q

What is dna

A

DNA is a double stranded molecule twisted into a coil called double helix

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29
Q

What are the rungs

A

Chemicals called bases

30
Q 
DNA bases 
A=
C=
T=
G=
A

A-adenine
C-cytosine
T-thymine
G-guanine

31
Q

What bases always go together

A

A-T

C-G

32
Q

Different combinations of amino acids make ?

A

Different amino Acids

33
Q

DNA————> mRNA——-> proteins

A

Word equations

34
Q

When the DNA sequences of a gene is copied what is this called

A

This is called messenger RNA (mRNA)

35
Q

What does mRNA do

A

mRNA takes the complimentary copy out the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

36
Q

Read

A

In the cytoplasm the mRNA is read by a ribosome which uses the code to make the protein from amino acids

37
Q

What determines the shape of the protein

A

The shape of the protein is determined by the order in which is determined indirectly by the order of bases on DNA

38
Q

Name protein functions

A 
Receptors 
Antibodies 
haemoglobin 
Hormones 
Structural
Enzymes
39
Q

What does structural proteins include

A

Muscles tendons and ligaments

40
Q

Tendons and ligaments have proteins collagen what does this do

A

Makes these structures stronger and in elastic

41
Q

What allows muscles to contract allowing them to move

A

Proteins called actin and myosin have structural property’s of making muscles contact and allowing them to move

42
Q

What are antibodies

A

Antibodies are proteins they are made by white blood cells called lymphocytes and their function is to defend the body against antigens

43
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin is protein that gives red blood cells their characteristic colour it’s function is to transport oxygen

44
Q

What are hormones

A

Hormones are made of protein they are chemical messengers

45
Q

What are receptors

A

A receptor is a protein molecules that revives chemical signals from outside a cell

46
Q

Enzymes protein function

A

The enzymes amylase pepsin trypsin and lipase are necessary for breakdown of our food in our digestive system of proteins

47
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes are biological catalyst they speed up cellular reactions allowing them to proceed rapidly

48
Q

Why are enzymes only able to act on one type of substrate

A

An enzyme is able to act on one type of substrate since this is the only substance whose molecules fit exactly the enzymes active site

49
Q

What does the salivary amalase break down the substrate starch into

A

Maltose

50
Q

Amylase word equation

A

Starch——> maltose———amylase

Example of degradation reaction

51
Q

Catalase word equation

A

Hydrogen——> water+ oxygen peroxide catalase

Example of degradation reaction

52
Q

Give two examples of degradation reactions

A

Amylase
Starch ——- maltose—— amylase

Catalase
Hydrogen——water+oxygen peroxide catalase

53
Q

What factors may effect how fast or slow enzymes work

A

Enzymes can be effected by both ph and temperature

54
Q

Enzymes have specific conditions at which they are most effective what is this known as

A

Optimum conditions

55
Q

What do enzymes do at a low temperature

A

At a low temperature enzymes and substrate molecules move around slowly they meet only rarely and the rate of enzyme activity is low

56
Q

What happens as temperatures increase

A

Enzyme activity increses

57
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes

A

37*c

58
Q

What happens to enzymes At temperatures above 40*c

A

Activity starts to decrease

59
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures

A

The shape of the active site is changed permanently halting all the activity and enzyme is denatured

60
Q

What does denaturing mean

A

An enzyme becomes denatured when the shape of active sire is irreversibly changed meaning it can no longer fit with its complimentary substrate

61
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Genetic engineering is the process by which genes pieces of chromosomes DNA are transferred from one living organisms to another

62
Q

What is respiration

A

Respiration is a series of enzyme controlled reactions which releases energy from glucose this happens in all cells

63
Q

What is atp

A

When glucose is broken down the energy released is used to make chemical called adenosine try phosphate

64
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In the cytoplasm

65
Q

What is glucose broken down into

A

Pyruvate

66
Q

Every glucose molecule releases enough energy to make how much atp

A

Ever glucose molecule releases enough energy to make 2 molecules of atp

67
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen

A

Glycolysis does not require oxygen it is an aerobic process

68
Q

Aerobic respiration can occur if what is present

A

If oxygen is present aerobic respiration can occur

69
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place

A

In the mitochondrion

70
Q

Each pyruvate is further broken down to produce what

A

Atp carbon dioxide and water

Biology (1 decks)

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