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1
Q

BMI < 18.5

A

Underweight

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2
Q

BMI 18.5 - 24.9

A

Healthy weight

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3
Q

BMI 25 - 29.9

A

Overweight

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4
Q

BMI 30 - 34.9

A

Obese

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5
Q

BMI 35 - 39.9

A

Obese II

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6
Q

BMI > or = 40

A

Obese III

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7
Q

BP <120/80 mmHg

A

Normal (healthy)

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8
Q

BP Systolic between 120-129; Diastolic < 80 mmHg

A

Elevated

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9
Q

BP Systolic between 130-139 or Diastolic between 80-89 mmHg

A

Stage 1 Hypertension

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10
Q

BP Systolic 140 or higher or Diastolic 90 or higher

A

Stage 2 Hypertension

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11
Q

BP Systolic >180 and/or Diastolic > 120 mmHg

A

Hypertensive crisis

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12
Q

LDL levels should be less than:

A

100 mg/dL

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13
Q

HDL levels should be around:

A

60 mg/dL

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14
Q

Four P’s of marketing

A

Product
Price
Promotion
Place

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15
Q

SWOT Analysis

A

Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats

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16
Q

Product:

A

Communicating benefits of using a product

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17
Q

Price:

A

Identifying a competitive price of the service

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18
Q

Promotion:

A

Determining how the service will be promoted

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19
Q

Place:

A

Selecting the place or method of distribution

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20
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that happens when someone does something for rewards or recognition

i.e. social recognition, rewards from competitions, improvement of physical appearance

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21
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation to do something that comes from within and individual

i.e. stress relief, increasing energy, finding new ways to be challenged physically

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22
Q

Ambivalence to exercise:

A

When someone has mixed feelings about exercise and likely sees pros and cons to participation

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23
Q

Instrumental support

A

The tangible things that assist people with the ability to exercise

i.e. providing transportation to gym, childcare, packing someone’s gym bag

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24
Q

Social support

A

A source (who or what provides it) and a type (instrumental, emotional, informational, or companionship)

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25
Q

Emotional support

A

Comes from being caring, empathetic and concerned about someone’s experience with exercise

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26
Q

Informational support

A

Providing accurate and current information about fitness and exercise

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27
Q

Companionship support

A

When someone exercises with another person

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28
Q

Examples of outcome goals

A

Place in top 10 in a 10k race
Achieving a certain level of body fat
Achieving a certain level of strength improvement

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29
Q

Examples of process goals

A

Jog for 45 minutes, starting at 6:30am M-F to assist with weight loss efforts

Eating 1600 calories per day of mostly whole, unprocessed foods to assist with weight loss efforts

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30
Q

Self-efficacy

A

One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence.

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31
Q

Affective judgement

A

Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment.

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32
Q

Subjective norms

A

Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior.

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33
Q

Stages of change:

A 
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
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34
Q

Precontemplation Stage

A

The individual does not exercise and is not planning to start exercising within the next 6 months

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35
Q

Contemplation Stage

A

The individual does not currently exercise but is planning to start within 6 months

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36
Q

Preparation Stage

A

The individual is planning to begin exercising soon and has taken steps toward it and may even be sporadically exercising

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37
Q

Action Stage

A

The individual has been exercising for less than 6 months

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38
Q

Maintenance Stage

A

The individual has been exercising consistently for 6 months or more

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39
Q

Active listening

A

Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying

Requires the listener to fully concentrate to understand the speaker’s message

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40
Q

Reflective listening

A

The process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly.

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41
Q

BCT

A

Behavior Change Techniques

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42
Q

SMART goals

A 
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Timely
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43
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system

Broken down into 2 parts: somatic and autonomic

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45
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the CNS

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46
Q

Efferent pathway

A

A motor pathway that relays information form the CNS to the rest of the body

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47
Q

2 most important sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors)

A

Muscle spindle fibers

Golgi tendon organs

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48
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle

Largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

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49
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Division of the PNS that supplies the neural input to organs that run the involuntary process of the body

Subdivided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

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50
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensitive to change in LENGTH of muscle and rate of change

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51
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

Located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle

Sensitive to changes in muscular TENSION and rate of tension change

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52
Q

3 stages of motor skill development

A

Stage 1- cognitive
Stage 2- associative
Stage 3- autonomous

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53
Q

Stage 1 of motor skill development

A

Cognitive

may need to use simple instructions and break down the skill into smaller steps so your clients will be able to understand the goals of the movement

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54
Q

Stage 2 of motor skill development

A

Associative

may need to help refine client’s skills through practice and regular feedback

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55
Q

Stage 3 of motor skill development

A

Autonomous

you may be able to teach your clients new versions of the skill to further challenge them

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56
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Slow twitch
Fibers = smaller in size
Produce less force
Fatigue resistant

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57
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch
Fibers = larger in size
Produce more force
Fatigue quickly

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58
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

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59
Q

End-diastolic volume

A

The filled volume of ventricle before contraction

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60
Q

End-systolic volume

A

The amount of blood present in the ventricle after contraction

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61
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

SV= EDV-ESV

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62
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both HR and SV

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63
Q

Normal respiratory rate:

A

12-16 breaths per minute

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64
Q

Bradypnea

A

Respiratory rate of less than 8 breaths per minute

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65
Q

Tachypnea

A

Respiratory rate of greater than 24 breaths per minute

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66
Q

Cardiac Output equation

A

Cardiac Output= HR x SV

or

Cardiac Output= HR x (EDV-ESV)

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67
Q

Muscle actions:

A

Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic

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68
Q

Isotonic muscle actions:

A

Concentric

Eccentric

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69
Q

Isotonic

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion.

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70
Q

Isometric

A

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint

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71
Q

Isokinetic

A

The speed of the movement is fixed, and the resistance varies with the force exerted

Requires sophisticated training equipment

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72
Q

Agonist in hip extension (squat)

A

Gluteus maximus

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73
Q

Agonist in shoulder flexion (shoulder press)

A

Anterior deltoid

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74
Q

Agonist for elbow flexion (bicep curls)

A

Biceps brachii

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75
Q

Agonist for elbow extension (tricep pushdowns)

A

Triceps brachii

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76
Q

Synergist in hip extension (squat)

A

Hamstring complex

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77
Q

Synergist in elbow flexion (bicep curls)

A

Brachioradialis and brachialis

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78
Q

Synergist in chest press

A

Triceps brachii

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79
Q

Synergist in pull-up

A

Biceps brachii

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80
Q

Stabilizers in hip extension (squat)

A

Transverse abdominis
Internal obliques
Multifidus

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81
Q

Stabilizers in upper extremity movements

A

Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)

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82
Q

Antagonists during elbow extension (tricep pushdown)

A

Biceps brachii

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83
Q

Antagonists during elbow flexion (bicep curl)

A

Triceps

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84
Q

Antagonists during hip extension (squat)

A

Hip flexor complex (iliopsoas, rectus femorus)

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85
Q

Antagonists during shoulder press

A

Latissimus dorsi

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86
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to length

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87
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

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88
Q

First-class levers

A

Fulcrum in the middle (like a seesaw)

Ex. nodding the head

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89
Q

Second-class levers

A

Resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side (like a wheelbarrow)

Ex. full body push-up or calf raise

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90
Q

Third-class levers

A

Effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum

Ex. forearm (fulcrum is the elbow) during bicep curl; hamstring curl (fulcrum is the knee)

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91
Q

ATP-PC pathway

A

Simplest and fastest way to generate ATP
Only can support short duration activities

Ex. Short sprints, olympic weightlifting, jumping/plyometrics

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92
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic process and generates ATP quickly, but not tremendous amount

Ex. Strength training (8-12 reps)

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93
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Process that uses oxygen to create ATP from substrate molecules at a relatively slow rate

Ex. Jogging/running or extended period

94
Q

TDEE

A

Total daily energy expenditure

95
Q

RMR

A

Resting metabolic rate

96
Q

TEF

A

Thermic effect of food

97
Q

NEAT

A

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis

98
Q

EAT

A

Exercise activity thermogenesis

99
Q

EPOC

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

100
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

9 of which are essential

101
Q

Complete protein

A

provides all essential amino acids

ex. soy and animal foods

102
Q

Incomplete protein

A

protein that lacks one or more of amino acids

ex. legumes, grains, vegetables

103
Q

RDA

A

Recommended daily allowance

104
Q

RDA for protein

A

0.8 g/kg of bodyweight

105
Q

AMDR

A

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges

106
Q

AMDR for protein

A

10-35% of total calories

107
Q

AMDR for carbs

A

45-65% of total calories

108
Q

AMDR for fats

A

20-35% of total calories

109
Q

Fiber recommendations

A

25-28g/day for women

30-34g/day for men

110
Q

Saturated fat sources

A

Animal fats
Full-fat dairy
Coconut
Palm oil

111
Q

Polyunsaturated fat sources

A

Omega-6 (nuts, seeds, oils)

Omega-3 (fatty fish, flaxseed, walnuts, green veg)

112
Q

Monounsaturated fat sources

A 
Olives
Olive oil
Avocado
Peanuts
Canola
113
Q

Phospholipid sources

A 
Meats
Egg yolks
Seafood
Poultry
Soybeans
Grains
114
Q

Sterols sources

A

Cholesterol from animal foods, egg yolks, and plant sterols

115
Q

2 groups of vitamins:

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

116
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

117
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A 
Vitamin C
B Vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin)
118
Q

Fluid recommendations

A
  1. 5 cups (2.7L)/day for women

15. 5 cups (3.7L)/day for men

119
Q

Fluid replacement for athletes

A

Replace fluid 1.25 times the amount of body weight lost during event

120
Q

Ergogenic aid

A

Dietary supplements that are used specifically for performance

121
Q

Effective dose of creatine

A

at least 0.03g/kg body weight, but typically dose at 5g/day

122
Q

Effective dose of caffeine

A

3-6 mg/kg (1.4-2.7 mg/lb) per day

123
Q

Jackson & Pollock 7 site measurement for MEN:

A
  1. Chest
  2. Mid-axillary
  3. Subscapular
  4. Triceps
  5. Abdomen
  6. Suprailiac
  7. Thigh
124
Q

Jackson & Pollock 7 site measurement for WOMEN:

A
  1. Chest
  2. Mid-axillary
  3. Subscapular
  4. Triceps
  5. Abdomen
  6. Suprailiac
  7. Thigh
125
Q

Jackson & Pollock 3 site measurement for MEN:

A
  1. Chest
  2. Abdomen
  3. Thigh
126
Q

Jackson & Pollock 3 site measurement for WOMEN:

A
  1. Chest
  2. Suprailiac
  3. Thigh
127
Q

Durnin-Womersley 4 site measurement for MEN/WOMEN:

A
  1. Biceps
  2. Triceps
  3. Subscapular
  4. Suprailiac
128
Q

OHSA

A

Overhead Squat Assessment

129
Q

LEFT test

A

used to test lateral speed and agility

130
Q

40-yard dash assessment

A

evaluates reaction capabilities, acceleration, and maximal sprinting speed

131
Q

Pro shuttle (5-10-5) test

A

assesses acceleration, deceleration, agility, and control

132
Q

Pes planus

A

Collapsed arch

133
Q

Valgus

A

Internally rotated

134
Q

Varus

A

Externally rotated

135
Q

Pes Planus overactive muscles

A

Gastrocnemius/Soleus
Adductor complex
Hip flexors

136
Q

Pes planus underactive muscles

A

Anterior/posterior tibialis

Gluteus maximus and medius

137
Q

Lower crossed syndrome overactive muscles

A 
Hip flexors
Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)
138
Q

Lower crossed syndrome underactive muscles

A

Gluteus maximus/medius
Hamstring complex
Abdominals

139
Q

Upper crossed syndrome overactive muscles

A

Pec major/minor
Levator scapula/sternocleidomastoid
Upper trap

140
Q

Upper crossed syndrome underactive muscles

A

Middle/lower trap
Rhomboids
Deep cervical flexors

141
Q

Feet turn out overactive muscles

A

Gastrocnemius/soleus

Hamstrings complex

142
Q

Feet turn out underactive muscles

A

Anterior/posterior tibialis

Gluteus max/medius

143
Q

Knee valgus overactive muscles

A

Tensor fascia latae (TFL)

Adductor complex

144
Q

Knee valgus underactive muscles

A

Gluteus max/medius

Anterior/posterior tibilais

145
Q

Low-back arches overactive muscles

A

Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
Lumbar extensors
Lats

146
Q

Low-back arches underactive muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstring complex
Abdominals

147
Q

Excessive forward trunk lean overactive muscles

A

Hip flexors
Calf muscles
Rectus abdominis and external obliques

148
Q

Excessive forward trunk lean underactive muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings complex
Abdominals

149
Q

Arms fall forward overactive muscles

A

Lats
Pec major/minor
Teres major

150
Q

Arms fall forward underactive muslces

A

Middle/lower trap
Rhomboids
Posterior delts
Portions of rotator cuff

151
Q

Scapular elevation overactive muscles

A

Levator scapulae

Upper trap

152
Q

Scapular elevation underactive muscles

A

Lower trap

153
Q

Head jutting forward overactive muscles

A

Levator scapulae

Sternocleidomastoid

154
Q

Head jutting forward underactive muscles

A

Deep cervical flexors

155
Q

Phase 1 of OPT Model

A

Stabilization Endurance Training

156
Q

Stabilization Endurance Training

A

Designed to teach optimal movement patters, core and joint stability, and helps client become familiar with various modes of exercise

157
Q

Phase 2 of OPT Model

A

Strength Endurance Training

158
Q

Strength Endurance Training

A

Designed to enhance stabilization endurance while increasing prime mover strength

159
Q

Phase 3 of OPT Model

A

Muscular Development Training

160
Q

Muscular Development Training

A

Designed for individuals who have the goal of maximal muscle grown or altered body composition

161
Q

Phase 4 of OPT Model

A

Maximal Strength Training

162
Q

Maximal Strength Training

A

Works towards the goal of maximal prime mover strength by lifting heavy loads

163
Q

Phase 5 of OPT Model

A

Power Training

164
Q

Power Training

A

Designed to increase maximal strength and rate of force production

165
Q

Flexibility

A

Normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allows the complete ROM of a joint

166
Q

Relative flexibility

A

The process in which the HMS seeks the path of least resistance during functional movements

167
Q

Synergistic dominance

A

A neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist)

168
Q

Autogenic inhibition

A

The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles

169
Q

Pattern overload

A

Consistently repeating the same pattern of motion over long periods of time can lead to dysfunction or injury

i.e. hunching at a computer

170
Q

Davis’ law

A

States that soft tissue models along the lines of stress

171
Q

FITTE-VP

A 
Frequency
Intensity
Type
Time
Enjoyment
Volume
Progression
172
Q

Frequency

A

the number of training sessions in a given time period, usually expressed as per week

173
Q

Recommended frequency of moderate-intensity exercise

A

Should be performed at least 5x per week

174
Q

Recommended frequency of vigorous-intensity exercise

A

Should be performed at least 3x per week

175
Q

Intensity

A

Refers to the level of demand that a given activity places on the body

176
Q

Time

A

Refers to the length of time engaged in an activity or exercise training session and is typically expressed in minutes

177
Q

Recommended time of moderate-intensity exercise

A

Should accumulate 150 minutes every week

178
Q

Recommended time of vigorous-intensity exercise

A

Should accumulate 75 minutes every week

179
Q

Type

A

Refers to the mode of activity selected

i.e. cycling, running, swimming

180
Q

Enjoyment

A

Refers to the amount of pleasure derived from engaging in a specific exercise or activity

181
Q

Volume

A

Represents the total amount of work performed in each timeframe, typically 1 week

182
Q

Progression

A

Refers to how an exercise program advances

183
Q

Stage 1 of Conditioning Phase

A

Zone 1: Designed to help improve cardiorespiratory fitness levels in apparently healthy sedentary clients

Target intensity = below VT1

Involves steady-state aerobic exercise

184
Q

Stage 2 of Conditioning Phase

A

Zone 2: Workout consists of a mix of recovery intervals just below VT1 (moderate intensity) and work intervals performed at an intensity just above VT1 (challenging to hard intensity)

185
Q

Stage 3 of Conditioning Phase

A

Workout includes the client moving in and out of training zones 1, 2, and 3

Zone 3: Midpoint to VT2 (vigorous to very hard)

186
Q

Stage 4 of Conditioning Phase

A

Workout involves interval training integrating all four training zones

Zone 4: Above VT2 (very hard to maximum effort)

187
Q

Stage 5 of Conditioning Phase

A

Focuses on drills that improve conditioning using linear, multidirectional, and sport-specific activities

188
Q

Local core muscles

A

Generally attach on or near the vertebrae
Provide dynamic control of spinal segments
Limit excessive compression, shear, and rotational forces between spinal segments

Ex. Rotatores, multifidus, transverse abdominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor musculature, quadratus lumborum

189
Q

Global core muscles

A

More superficial on the trunk
Act to move the trunk
Transfer loads between the upper and lower extremities
Provide stability of spine by stabilizing multiple segments together as functional units

Ex. Rectus abdominis, external abdominal obliques, internal abdominal obliques, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, iliopsoas

190
Q

Drawing-in maneuver

A

A maneuver used to recruit the local core stabilizers by drawing the navel toward the spine

191
Q

Bracing

A

Contracting the global abdominals such as the rectus abdominis and obliques at the same time

192
Q

Static balance

A

Stationary body position

193
Q

Semi-dynamic balance

A

The base supporting the body is in movement

194
Q

Dynamic balance

A

Ever-changing base of support

195
Q

Vision for balance

A

Used to provide information to the central nervous system about the body’s location in space

196
Q

Vestibular senses in balance

A

Controlled by sensory receptors in the inner ear and provide the brain information about spatial orientation and the movement of the head in space

197
Q

Somatosensation

A

The ability to feel chances in pressure on the skin, muscle length, and joint angles

198
Q

Lower-body balance progression

A
  1. Two-legs/stable
  2. Wide stance -> narrow stance -> tandem stance
  3. Single-leg/stable
  4. Two-legs/unstable
  5. Single-leg/unstable
199
Q

3 phases in plyometric exercise

A
  1. Eccentric (loading phase)
  2. Amortization (transition phase)
  3. Concentric (unloading phase)
200
Q

Recovery time between plyometric drills

A

60-120 seconds

201
Q

Speed

A

Product of stride rate and stride length

Refers to the velocity of distance covered divided by time

202
Q

Agility

A

ability to start (accelerate), stop (decelerate and stabilize), and change direction while maintaining postural control

Ex. rapidly changing running direction to avoid a tackler in American football

203
Q

Quickness

A

ability to react to a stimulus and appropriately change the motion of the body in response to that stimulus

Ex. Returning a tennis serve

204
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Describes the way in which the body responds and adapts to stress.

205
Q

GAS model stages in response to stress

A
  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Resistance Development
  3. Exhaustion
206
Q

Alarm Reaction Stage

A

the initial reaction to a stressor

can include fatigue, joint stiffness, DOMS

207
Q

Resistance Development Stage

A

involves numerous physiological changes that ultimately lead to training adaptations and promote increases in performance

208
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Prolonged or intolerable amounts of stress lead to this phase

Characterized by stress fractures, muscle strains and ligament sprains, joint pain, and emotional fatigue

209
Q

Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands (SAID principle)

A

AKA principle of specificity

A principle stating that the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it

210
Q

Mechanical specificity

A

Refers to the weight and movements placed on the body

211
Q

Neuromuscular specificity

A

Refers to the speed of contraction and exercise selection

212
Q

Metabolic specificity

A

Refers to the energy demand placed on the body

213
Q

Peripheral heart action (PHA)

A

A variation of circuit training that alternates upper and lower body exercises throughout the set

214
Q

Vertical loading

A

A form of training in which strength training exercises are performed in rapid succession, starting with the upper body and working down to the lower body

215
Q

Horizontal loading

A

Performing all sets of an exercise (or body part) before moving on to the next exercise (or body part)

216
Q

Periodization

A

Systematic approach to program design that varies the amount and type of stress placed on the body to produce a physical adaptation and reduce the likelihood of overtraining and injury

217
Q

Macrocycle

A

Annual training plan

Demonstrates the long-term training program and how it progresses each month

218
Q

Mesocycle

A

Monthly training plan

Typically outlines a training plan for one month

219
Q

Microcycle

A

Weekly training plan

Describes the specific workouts for the week

220
Q

Linear periodization

A

gradually increases the intensity of the training program while simultaneously decreasing volume over a specific period of time

221
Q

Undulating periodization

A

Uses changes in volume, intensity, and exercise selection to provide loading differences on daily or weekly basis

222
Q

OPT Workout Template Parts

A
  1. Warm-up
  2. Activation
  3. Skill Development
  4. Resistance Training
  5. Client’s choice
  6. Cool-down
223
Q

Phase 1 (Stabilization) Resistance Training Protocols

A 
Sets: 1-3
Reps: 12-20
Tempo: Slow
Rest: 0-90 seconds
Intensity: 12-20 RM
224
Q

Phase 2 (Strength Endurance) Resistance Training Protocols

A 
Sets: 2-4
Reps: 8-12
Tempo: Moderate and slow
Rest: 0-60 sec after each superset
Intensity: 8-12 RM
225
Q

Phase 3 (Muscular Development) Resistance Training Protocols

A 
Sets: 3-6
Reps: 6-12
Tempo: Moderate
Rest: 0-3 minutes
Intensity: N/A
226
Q

Phase 4 (Maximal Strength) Resistance Training Protocols

A 
Sets: 4-6
Reps: 1-5
Tempo: Explosive
Rest: 0-3 minutes
Intensity: 1-5 RM
227
Q

Phase 5 (Power) Resistance Training Protocols

A

Sets: 3-5
Reps: 1-5 (strength) 8-10 (power)
Tempo: Explosive
Rest: 1-2 minutes between pairs; 3-5 minutes between circuits
Intensity: 1-5 RM and 8-10 RM, or 30-45% 1RM

228
Q

Recommendation for activity for children

A

60 minutes daily

229
Q

BMD

A

Bone mineral density

230
Q

Lordotic

A

Concave

i.e. cervical and lumbar spine

231
Q

Kyphotic

A

Convex

i.e. thoracic spine

NASM (1 decks)

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