NASM Chapter 2 brainscape Flashcards
Kinetic chain (human movement system)
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Nervous system
The communication network within the body.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Neurons
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Effector sites
Muscles, organs, and other neurons.
Central nervous system
Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Joint receptors
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
Skeletal system
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
206 total; about 177 for voluntary movement
Joints
The movable junction where two or more bones meet
Axial skeleton
- Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
- ~80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
- Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
- ~126 bones
Depression
Flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Process
Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Articulation
Where two bones come together (joint).
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage SKULL
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Nonsynovial joint
Characteristic: No joint cavity or fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Synovial joint
- Characteristic: Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue KNEE
- Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
Gliding joint
Characteristic: No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth CARPALS OF THE HAND
Condyloid joint
Characteristic: Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane KNEE, RADIUS & CARPALS, FINGER JOINTS
Hinge joint
Characteristic: Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal) elbow
Saddle joint
Characteristic: One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal) THUMB
Pivot joint
Characteristic: Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse) BASE OF SKULL
Ball-and-socket joint
Characteristic: Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion
Muscular system
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Sliding filament theory
A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together. The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.
Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition
- Contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria (which transform energy from food into ATP, or cellular energy), and myoglobin, which allows for improved delivery of oxygen.
- These muscles are smaller in diameter, slower to produce maximal tension, and more resistant to fatigue. Think back muscles holding a sitting posture for several hours.
Myoglobin
is similar to hemoglobin, the red pigment found in red blood cells, and therefore type I muscle fibers are often referred to as red fibers.
Type II - Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition
- Subdivided into IIa and IIx based on their chemical and mechanical properties. They generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Type II muscle fibers are often referred to as white fibers.
- These muscles are large in size, quick to produce maximal tension, and fatigue more quickly than type I fibers. Think muscles for movements requiring force and power, like those needed for performing a sprint.
Type IIa & IIx muscle fibers
Type IIa muscle fibers have a higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly than type IIx. IIa intermediate fast twitch – can use aerobic and anaerobic metabolism almost equally.
Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics
More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Type II - Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics
Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Muscle Type - Agonist
Muscle Function: Prime mover
immediately surrounds muscle
epimysium
each fascicle is surrounded by
perimysium
each fascicle is made up of many individual muscle fibers that are wrapped by connective tissue called
endomysium
growth hormone is released by the_____and regulated by the _________
pituitary gland & hypothalamus
known as the master gland of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.
remodeling
process of resorption and formation of bone
osteoclasts
type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
osteoblasts
type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP
the energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of the muscle that lies in the space between two Z lines. It produces muscular contraction and is formed by repeating sections of actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
