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NASM Chapter 2 -- Basic Exercise Science > NASM Chapter 2 brainscape > Flashcards

NASM Chapter 2 brainscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinetic chain (human movement system)

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

The communication network within the body.

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3
Q

Sensory function

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

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4
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

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5
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

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6
Q

Neurons

A

The functional unit of the nervous system.

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7
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord.

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

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9
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.

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10
Q

Effector sites

A

Muscles, organs, and other neurons.

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11
Q

Central nervous system

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

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16
Q

Joint receptors

A

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

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17
Q

Skeletal system

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

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18
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

206 total; about 177 for voluntary movement

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19
Q

Joints

A

The movable junction where two or more bones meet

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20
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
  • ~80 bones
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21
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
  • ~126 bones
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22
Q

Depression

A

Flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

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23
Q

Process

A

Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

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24
Q

Articulation

A

Where two bones come together (joint).

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25
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion

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26
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage SKULL

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27
Q

Ligament

A

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

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28
Q

Nonsynovial joint

A

Characteristic: No joint cavity or fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement SUTURES OF THE SKULL

29
Q

Synovial joint

A
  • Characteristic: Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue KNEE
  • Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
30
Q

Gliding joint

A

Characteristic: No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth CARPALS OF THE HAND

31
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Characteristic: Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane KNEE, RADIUS & CARPALS, FINGER JOINTS

32
Q

Hinge joint

A

Characteristic: Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal) elbow

33
Q

Saddle joint

A

Characteristic: One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal) THUMB

34
Q

Pivot joint

A

Characteristic: Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse) BASE OF SKULL

35
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

Characteristic: Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion

36
Q

Muscular system

A

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton

37
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

38
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

39
Q

Neural activation

A

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

40
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

41
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

42
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together. The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.

43
Q

Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition

A
  • Contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria (which transform energy from food into ATP, or cellular energy), and myoglobin, which allows for improved delivery of oxygen.
  • These muscles are smaller in diameter, slower to produce maximal tension, and more resistant to fatigue. Think back muscles holding a sitting posture for several hours.
44
Q

Myoglobin

A

is similar to hemoglobin, the red pigment found in red blood cells, and therefore type I muscle fibers are often referred to as red fibers.

45
Q

Type II - Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber - Definition

A
  • Subdivided into IIa and IIx based on their chemical and mechanical properties. They generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin. Type II muscle fibers are often referred to as white fibers.
  • These muscles are large in size, quick to produce maximal tension, and fatigue more quickly than type I fibers. Think muscles for movements requiring force and power, like those needed for performing a sprint.
46
Q

Type IIa & IIx muscle fibers

A

Type IIa muscle fibers have a higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly than type IIx. IIa intermediate fast twitch – can use aerobic and anaerobic metabolism almost equally.

47
Q

Type I - Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics

A

More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

48
Q

Type II - Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber - Characteristics

A

Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

49
Q

Muscle Type - Agonist

A

Muscle Function: Prime mover

50
Q

immediately surrounds muscle

A

epimysium

51
Q

each fascicle is surrounded by

A

perimysium

52
Q

each fascicle is made up of many individual muscle fibers that are wrapped by connective tissue called

A

endomysium

53
Q

growth hormone is released by the_____and regulated by the _________

A

pituitary gland & hypothalamus

54
Q

known as the master gland of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

55
Q

proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

56
Q

remodeling

A

process of resorption and formation of bone

57
Q

osteoclasts

A

type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

58
Q

osteoblasts

A

type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

59
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

60
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft portion of a long bone

61
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

62
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

63
Q

Medullar cavity

A

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

64
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.

65
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP

A

the energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.

66
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of the muscle that lies in the space between two Z lines. It produces muscular contraction and is formed by repeating sections of actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments).

67
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

68
Q

Vertebral column

A

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

NASM Chapter 2 -- Basic Exercise Science (1 decks)

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