Nasal Disorders Of Dogs And Cats

Question 1

Extension of disease/pathology in what cavity may involve the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

Tooth root abscess in oral cavity, other oral diseases

Question 2

What is the difference between stertor and strytor

Answer 2

Stertor - noisy breathing occuring during inhalation. Low-pitched, snoring type sound usually a result of fluid vibration, tissue vibration - relaxed and flabby
Strider - High pitched, noisy breathing. Result of rigid tissues vibrating with passage of air. Often a result of partial or complete blockage of nasal passage or voice box (larynx), or collapse of the upper part of the windpipe.

Question 3

An important question regarding the onset of a nasal bleed with reference to history taking would be …

Answer 3

Was this nasal bleed preceded by any other clinical signs?

Question 4

Epistaxis can originate locally or systemically. Systemically, it may be as a result of what two processes ..

Answer 4

Coagulopathy, systemic hypertension

Question 5

Explain the mechanism of reverse sneezing

Answer 5

A reflex causing paroxysms of inspiratory effort which sound like a ‘drawback’.

Question 6

Reverse sneezing originates from a pathological mechanism, but a part of this may be …

Answer 6

Behavioural, or completely behavioural

Question 7

Generally what breeds do we see reverse sneezing in and what is it a result of (usually)?

Answer 7

Can be seen with nasopharyngeal disease (foreign bodies, polyps, other sources causing irritation).
Small breed dogs especially

Question 8

What are some secondary consequences of stenotic nares?

Answer 8

Laryngeal softening, collapse, ever sign of laryngeal saccules.

Question 9

Your approach to disease of the nasal cavity includes a physical exam looking at what 7 broad categories

Answer 9

Evidence of airway obstruction
Facial asymmetry
Pain
Oral/dental examination, soft palate
Palpate regional lymphatic tissue
Retropulse the eyes
Ophthalmology all examination

Question 10

Why do we tend to retropulse the eyes as part of our approach to disease of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

The orbit can be affected by nasal disease (always retropulse the eyes)

Question 11

Why do we not tend to do a culture and sensitivity of the nares/upper resp. Tract

Answer 11

Dirty placed to swab. Unless there is something about the case where you really need to know the organism, you tend to avoid it.
Thick green discharges or worrying cases are reasons to do this.

Question 12

When might we include a haemostats is assessment and arterial blood pressure assessment in further diagnostics of our approach to the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

If the animal is bleeding.

Question 13

What is pneumonia sides caninum?

Answer 13

Nasal mite

Question 14

What is capillaries (eucoleus) bohemi

Answer 14

Nasal worm

Question 15

What is a traumatic nasal flush

Answer 15

A non surgical technique for collection of diagnostic sample

Question 16

What are the four most worrying pathogens regarding disease of the nasal cavity in cats? They make up the acute, infectious rhinosinusitis complex.

Answer 16

Feline herpesvirus 1
Feline calicivirus
Chlamodophilia psittacosis
Bored tells bronchiseptica

Question 17

Outline the aetiology of chronic rhinosinusitis or “snuffles”

Answer 17

Earlier viral infection may have predisposed, involves deep-seated bacterial infection

Question 18

How do we treat chronic rhinosinusitis?

Answer 18

Supportive care (volatile/smelly foods)
Antibiotics with good bone penetration X 6-8 weeks
Expectorants
Corticosteroids
Surgery: Rhinotomy & turbinectomy

Question 19

Snuffles may lead to osteomyelitis of the nasal turbinates. How would you pick this up on an exam?

Answer 19

May have changed the shape of the head

Question 20

What are the clinical signs of cryptococcosis neo forms and C. Gatti infections?

Answer 20

Rhinitis often with haemorrhagic disease
Facial distortion
Turbinate lysis
Concurrent CNS, ocular and dermatological signs

Question 21

How do we diagnose nasal cryptococcosis?

Answer 21

Identification of organisms cytology ally, histologically, or culture
Positive latex agglutination test

Question 22

Outline drugs you will use to treat nasal cryptococcosis

Answer 22

Amphoteric in B (nephrotoxicity)
Flucytosine (with Amph B if CNS involved)
Fluconazole (mild-moderate cases)
Itraconazole
Ketaconazole

Question 23

Prognosis for cryptococcus cases?

Answer 23

Good when not accompanied by severe morbidity or CNS/eye involvement

Question 24

Characteristically, nasal aspergillosis shows ulceration between what two areas?

Answer 24

Nostril to mouth.

Question 25

The pus that is produced in nasal aspergillosis is …

Answer 25

Very corrosive and thus the condition is very painful.

Question 26

Nasal aspergillosis is primarily a disease of …

Answer 26

Doliocephalic dogs, mostly males, middle aged.

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of nasal aspergillosis

Answer 27

Unilateral or bilateral muco purulent nasal discharge often with blood
Ulceration and due pigmentation of the nares and nasal plenum
Pain on palpation of the maxilla and/or nares

Question 28

How do we diagnose nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 28

Look at signalment and history, followed by clinical exam
Radiography
Rhinoscopy, cytology, histology
Serology
Maybe culture

Question 29

What are the treatment options for nasal aspergillosis?

Answer 29

Debride visible plaques endoscopically followed by topical 1% clotrimazole UGA

Oral itraconazole for 60 - 90 days (lower success rate)

Question 30

Neoplasia is most likely to affect dogs that are …

Answer 30

Doliocephalic and older.

Question 31

What is the most common neoplasia of dogs, and what are the other common forms?

Answer 31

Adenocarcinoma, SCC, other carcinomas, fibrous aroma, lymphoma.

Question 32

How do we treat most forms of nasal neoplasia, and what change do we often see radiographically in these cases?

Answer 32

Bony destruction and replacement with soft tissue.

Treat with curettage + radiotherapy and chemotherapy (depending on tumour)

Question 33

What are the most common forms of neoplasia regarding the nasal region?

Answer 33

Lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma

Question 34

Outline idiopathic rhinitides

Answer 34

Disease falling under this category are quite common. Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LP rhinitis) is the most common type of inflammatory disease in dogs, middle aged to older (also seen in younger), and is a diagnosis of exclusion.
Allergic rhinitis (eosinophilic inflammation) is also quite common.

Question 35

How do we treat lymphoplasmacytic inflammation?

Answer 35

Prednisolone,
+/- azathiprine
+/- itraconazole

Question 36

How do we treat allergic rhinitis?

Answer 36

Predisnolone, antihistamines

Question 37

What are the 7 “biggies” of Nasal disorders of dogs and cats?

Answer 37

Feline upper respiratory tract infections
Nasal tumours
Allergic/inflammatory/idiopathic rhinitis
Nasal my ones: aspergillosis and cryptococcosis
Foreign bodies
Trauma
Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats