Narrative accounts (Includes Revision Sheet 5)

Question 1

First Berlin Crisis

Answer 1

1- Western Allies united zones (Trizonia)
2 - Introduction of the Deutschmark
3 -Berlin Blockade - June 1948
4 - Berlin Airlift - June 1948 - May 1949
5 - Division of Germany

Question 2

Cold War 1945-47

Answer 2

1- Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945)
2 - Dropping the atomic bomb (1945)
3- Stalin’s expansion into Europe (1945-7)
4 - Truman Doctrine (1947)
5 - Marshall Plan (1947)

Question 3

Cold War 1945-49 (R5) - main points

Answer 3

1 - Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945)
2 - Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe (1945-47)
3 - Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan (1947)
4 - Berlin Blockade and Airlift
5 - Formation of NATO

Question 4

Cold War 1945-49 (R5) - in detail

Answer 4

1 - Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: Two conferences between USA, USSR, and Britain to decide what would happen in Europe after Germany was defeated: agreed Germany would be split into 4 until it could be reunited + liberated countries in Eastern Europe would be free to hold free elections
HOWEVER, TENSIONS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST EMERGED WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR THAT
2 - Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe: Stalin wanted to ensure that countries that bordered the USSR had friendly communist governments. He did this by intimidating voters or holding rigged elections (e.g. Hungary in 1947) and by removing political opponents (e.g. Poland in 1947)
WESTERN ALLIES GREW ALARMED AT THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN EASTERN IN EUROPE AND SO
3 - Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan: issued in 1947 offering financial and military support to anyone trying to fight off communism. Marshall Plan: programme of financial aid to help countries recover from war. $12.7bn. given to European countries in total.
4 - Berlin Blockade and Airlift: Stalin ordered Western zones of Berlin to be blocked between 1948-49 to force USA, Britain, and France to leave Berlin. USA launched Berlin Airlift. 1,000 tonnes of supplies flown in each day. Stalin was forced to remove the blockade.
BECAME CLEAR THAT STALIN COULD NOT BE TRUSTED. THE GROWING CONCERN AT STALIN’S AGGRESSION LED TO
5 - Formation of NATO: established in 1949. Agreement between USA, Britain, France, and nine other countries that if one was attacked, the others would come to its assistance. USA would have a permanent military presence in Europe = makes USSR feel threatened.

Question 5

Cold War 1949-55 (R5) - main points

Answer 5

1 - Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia (1948)
2 - Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
3 - Formation of NATO (1949)
4 - West Germany joined NATO (1955)
5 - The Warsaw Pact (1955)

Question 6

Cold War 1949-55 (R5) - in detail

Answer 6

1 - Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia: USSR unwilling to pull troops out of ‘liberated’ countries in Eastern Europe. Because Stalin wanted countries on the borders of the USSR to have friendly communist governments. 1948, USSR supported communist coup to remove democratic government.
INCREASED WESTERN FEARS OF SOVIET AGGRESSION AND THEIR DESIRE TO TAKE OVER EASTERN EUROPE WHICH INCREASED AFTER…
2 - Berlin Blockade: Western zones of Berlin blockaded between 1948-49 to try and force USA, Britain, and France to leave Berlin. USA launched Airlift (in line with Truman Doctrine) to supply Berlin from the air. 1,000 tonnes of supplies flown in each day. Stalin forced to remove blockade.
BECAME CLEAR STALIN COULDN’T BE TRUSTED. GROWING CONCERN AT HIS AGGRESSION LED TO…
3 - Formation of NATO: 1949 - agreement between USA, Britain, France, and nine other countries that if one was attacked all the others would come to its assistance. USA would have permanent military presence in Europe + made USSR feel threatened.
PERMANENT MILITARY PRESENCE IN EUROPE ALLOWED USA TO INFLUENCE WESTERN EUROPE’S MILITARY POLICY AND RESULTED IN…
4 - West Germany formed NATO: German Federal Republic joined military alliance in 1955. Meant that there was now armed and powerful Germany - supported by USA - on borders of Soviet controlled Eastern Europe.
INCREASED STALIN’S FEARS OF THE USA WHO HE BELIEVED WERE A THREAT TO THE SECURITY OF THE USSR. STALIN BECAME INCREASINGLY PARANOID AND BELIEVED THAT THE USA WOULD USE WEST GERMANY AS A BASE FROM WHICH TO LAUNCH AN ATTACK. CONSEQUENTLY…
5 - Stalin formed Warsaw Pact in 1955 as an equivalent to NATO - communist military alliance and included members form the ‘Eastern bloc’ countries such as Poland and Hungary: agreed to support each other if one was attacked. By 1955, Europe divided into two heavily armed military alliances: Western Europe with USA through NATO and Eastern Europe to USSR through Warsaw Pact.

Question 7

Hungarian Uprising

Answer 7

1 - Krushchev becomes leader of the USSR
2 - Protests in Budapest
3 - Nagy introduced reforms in Hungary
4 - Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
5 - USSR invaded Hungary

Question 8

Berlin Wall

Answer 8

1 - Refugee crisis
2 - Berlin Ultimatum
3 - Summits - Geneva and Camp David
4 - Summits - Paris and Vienna
5 - Construction of Berlin Wall

Question 9

Tensions over Cuba 1959-1963

Answer 9

1 - Cuban Revolution, January 1959
2 - USSR start buying Cuban sugar, February 1960
3 - Bay of Pigs
4 - Photos of missile sites, 14th October
5 - Kennedy’s naval blockade

Question 10

Detente

Answer 10

1 - context by 1972
2 - SALT I (1972)
3 - Helsinki Accords (1975)
4 - SALT II (1975)
5 - End of detente (1979)

Question 11

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Answer 11

1 - Concern over protests in Prague
2 - Prague Spring Reforms
3 - Warsaw Pact troop manoeuvres
4 - Invasion of Czechoslovakia
5 - Brezhnev Doctrine

Question 12

Invasion of Afghanistan

Answer 12

1 - pro-Soviet government in Afghanistan
2 - Amin started to look for US support
3 - Soviet invasion
4 - Amin assassinated
5 - Mujahideen

Question 13

Collapse of the USSR

Answer 13

1 - Gorbachev becomes leader of the USSR - new thinking
2 - Protests and reforms across Eastern Europe
3 - Fall of the Berlin Wall
4 - July 1991 - Gorbachev announces end of the Warsaw Pact
5 - Previous Warsaw countries reject communism