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napoleon > Napoleon Establishing Power > Flashcards

Napoleon Establishing Power Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the first three consuls in 1799?

A

Napoleon, Sieyes, Ducos

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2
Q

When were the first three consuls sworn in?

A

10 November 1799

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3
Q

What were two power that the First Consul had that the other two consuls did not?

A
  1. Napoleon has the ‘voix deliberative’ and the other two only have a ‘voix consultative’.
  2. Napoleon can nominate the 60 men of the Senate
  3. Napoleon chose the Council of State and chaired it.
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4
Q

When did the Constitution of the Year VIII come into force?

A

25 December 1799

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5
Q

How many French people were enfranchised nominally?

A

6 million men

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6
Q

Each step of the electoral process reduced the electorate by 10%. Can you remember the steps?

A

6 million > communal list (600K) > department list (60K) > list of notables (6K)

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7
Q

What did you have to be to be eligible to be one of the 100 members of the Tribunate, or the 300 members of the Legislature?

A

A notable

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8
Q

Name three more powers of the First Consul

A
  1. Controlled government appointments, i.e. ministers
  2. Initiates all legislation through the Council of State or the Senate
  3. Declares war and makes peace
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9
Q

What power of the Senate did Napoleon use to strengthen his power?

A

The power of ‘senatus consultum’ meant it could block laws proposed or agreed by the Tribunate and Legislature.

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10
Q

How did Napoleon increase the power of the Senate?

A

He increased its number from 80 to 140 by 1814.

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11
Q

When was the plebiscite to approve the new Constitution of the Year VIII?

A

7 February 1800

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12
Q

How did Napoleon rig the plebiscite in 1800?

A
  1. Voting took place at different times in different places.
  2. Voting was not secret.
  3. Lucien Bonaparte was Minister of the Interior and he doubled the number of ‘yes’ votes, by adding about 1.4 million.
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13
Q

Why was the Tribunate weak?

A

It could discuss legislation but note vote on it.

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14
Q

Why was the Legislature weak?

A

It was not allowed to discuss legislation, and voting had to be done in secret.

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15
Q

When did Napoleon abolish the first electoral system?

A

1801

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16
Q

How did Napoleon change the electoral system in 1801?

A

Electors could choose from only the 600 richest men in each department.

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17
Q

When was the plebiscite on the Life Consulate?

A

1802

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18
Q

When was the plebiscite on Empire?

A

1804

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19
Q

Why did Napoleon claim he should be Consul for life?

A
  1. Attempted assassination of him in December 1800.

2. Military successes in War of 2nd Coalition, leading to Treaty of Amiens 1802.

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20
Q

When was the Constitution of the Year X?

A

1802

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21
Q

Why was the Tribunate purged in 1802?

A

It criticised the Civil Code which was being drafted.

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22
Q

When did Napoleon introduce the Legion of Honour?

A

1802

23
Q

When was the duc d’Enghien assassinated by Napoleon’s forces?

A

1804

24
Q

When did Napoleon become emperor?

A

1804

25
Q

When was the Tribunate abolished?

A

1808

26
Q

When did Napoleon divorce Josephine and marry Marie-Louise of Austria?

A

1810

27
Q

Who was Napoleon’s finance minister 1799-1814?

A

Gaudin

28
Q

What were some of Gaudin’s tax reforms?

A
  1. Introduced Central Excise Office 1804 for indirect taxes on tobacco, alcohol, gold, silver.
  2. 1806 salt tax
  3. Bank of France 1800
29
Q

What was the effect of Gaudin’s tax reforms?

A
  1. Revenue increased by over 400% between 1806-12.

2. By 1813 25% of government revenue was from indirect taxation.

30
Q

What currency was introduced in 1803 under Napoleon?

A

franc de germinal: a stable currency in whic heach one fran coin would weigh five grams of silver.

31
Q

When did Napoleon introduce the Civil Code?

A

1804

32
Q

Name three things the Civil Code did:

A
  1. rights to property assured for men
  2. revolutionary right to ‘partage’ confirmed.
  3. men had total authority over their wives and families
  4. slavery reintroduced into colonies
  5. workmen were only allowed to move with the ‘livret’
33
Q

When did Napoleon establish lycees?

A

1802

34
Q

How did education under Napoleon help him to centralise his power?

A
  1. highly centralised
  2. government-appointed teachers
  3. identical textbooks
35
Q

When was the Imperial University founded?

A

1808

36
Q

How did the Imperial University help Napoleon to control France?

A
  1. It controlled school curricula and appointed all teachers.
  2. It demanded total obedience from its teachers who had to swear an oath of loyalty.
  3. It did not allow any freedom of thought.
37
Q

When was the Concordat agreed with the Pope?

A

16 July 1801

38
Q

What were some of the terms of the Concordat?

A
  1. Separation of church and state (revolutionary policy)
  2. Pope recognises the Revolution and accepts the sale of bien nationeaux
  3. Catholic worship accepted as ‘the religion of the great majority of the citizens’
  4. Freedom of religion accepted
39
Q

When was the Concordat published?

A

1802

40
Q

What did the ‘Organic Articles’ do to centralise Napoleon’s power in 1802?

A

Limit the Pope’s control over French bishops, which are appointed by Napoleon.

41
Q

How did Napoleon use the ‘Imperial Catechism’ in 1806?

A

It set out questions to teach Catholics absolute obedience to Napoleon.

42
Q

When did Napoleon decree censorship of the press?

A

17 January 1800

43
Q

When did Napoleon create prefects?

A

February 1800

44
Q

When did Napoleon reintroduce arbitrary imprisonment?

A

1810

45
Q

How many prisoners were there in France by 1814?

A

16,000 - three times as many as in 1800!

46
Q

Who was Napoleon’s Minister of Police 1800-1802?

A

Fouche

47
Q

What did Napoleon’s police do under Fouche?

A
  1. censorship
  2. surveillance of subversives
  3. searched for army deserters
  4. organised raids on suspected enemies
48
Q

How many gendarmes were there across France by 1810?

A

18000

49
Q

Which official did Napoleon use to control departments from 1800 onwards?

A

Prefect

50
Q

How could the Prefect help Napoleon to control France?

A
  1. Appoint mayors
  2. Enforce conscription
  3. Disseminate propaganda
  4. Report on any suspicious activity
    5.
51
Q

When did Napoleon create the Imperial Nobility?

A

1808

52
Q

How did Napoleon reward ‘grand dignitaries’ like Senators?

A
  1. Country Estate

2. Annual income of 25,000 francs

53
Q

When did Napoleon appoint censors to each newspaper?

A

1809

54
Q

When were provincial newspapers reduced to one per department?

A

1811

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