NANOTECHNOLOGY

Question 1

• The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.
• It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.
• It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or nanoscale.
• It placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials.

Answer 1

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Question 2

are the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.

Answer 2

Nanotechnologies

Question 3

is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Answer 3

Nanoscience

Question 4

refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic or subatomic scale

Answer 4

Nanotechnology

Question 4

refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative nine

Answer 4

Nano

Question 4

Father of Nanotechnology

Answer 4

Richard Feynman

Question 5

dwarf means ?

Answer 5

Nanos

Question 6

• Richard Feynman, an American Physicist discussed, “There’s Plenty of room at the Bottom”.

Answer 6

1959

Question 6

• Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET (metal – oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate length of 20μm

Answer 6

1960

Question 7

• Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of Tokyo University of Science coined the term “nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor processes such as film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer.

Answer 7

1974

Question 8

• The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope, an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics).

Answer 8

1981

Question 9

• The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms.

Answer 9

1985

Question 9

• The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Lijima

Answer 9

1991

Question 10

– Publication of the book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric Dexler.

Answer 10

1986

Question 11

• The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the worlds ’smallest nanoelectronic device was created by Korean Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the National Nano Fab Center

Answer 11

2006

Question 12

• In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots.
• In modern times, pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter.
• In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes colour when light gleamed through it.
• In pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza, a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as “ Maya Blue” contains nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment.
• In Middle East, Damascus steel swords contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures

Answer 12

Early uses of Nanomaterials

Question 13

• It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples:
  o There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
  o A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
  o On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth.

Answer 13

Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Question 13

Different Approaches to Nanotechnology :

Answer 13

• Top-down
• Bottom-up

Question 14

o Etching a block of material down to the desired shape
o Chips and processors

Answer 14

Top-down

Question 15

o Building materials atom by atom - like lego
o Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots

Answer 15

Bottom-up

Question 15

Applications of Nanotechnology :

Answer 15

• Catalysts
  o Envirox™ cerium oxide
• Nanoremediation
  o SAMMS technology to remove mercury
• Paper
  o photographic paper
• Filters
  o nanofibres
• Toothpaste to remineralise teeth
• Food
• Packaging
• Paint
• Improved adhesion and anti-fungal qualities/anti-graffiti
• Clothes
• Non-staining and anti-radiation
• Batteries
• (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal technology
• Cleaning products

Question 16

• Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they reach their target
• Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the cancerous cells themselves.
• Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier for oncologists to assess how well they work.
• Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells , thus avoiding side effects

Answer 16

Advantages of Nanotechnology

Question 16

• Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or accidental exposure
• Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or accidental exposure
• Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures
• Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment
• Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped)
• Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
• May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio
• Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
• Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown

Answer 16

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology

Question 17

• Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown

Answer 17

Persistence