Naming Functional Groups Flashcards
t-butyl
neopentyl bromide
sec-butyl
isobutyl
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
What does an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups?
diols or glycols
Uses suffix -diol
Number each hydroxyl group
E.g. ethane- 1,2-diol
Diols with hydroxyl group son same carbon are geminal diols
Diols with hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons are called vicinal doils
Geminal diols (hydrates) spontaneously dehydrate to produce carbonyl compounds
butanal
methanal
OR formaldehyde
ethanal
OR acetaldehyde
2-pentanone
2-propanone
OR dimethylketone
OR acetone
3-butene-2-one
OR methylvinylketone
3-(5-oxohexyl)cyclohexanone
methanoic acid
OR formic acid
ethanoic acid
OR acetic acid
propanoic acid
OR propionic acid
ethyl ethanoate
methyl propanoate
methyl butanoate
ethanoic propanoic anhydride
ethanoic anhydride
OR acetic anhydride
phthalic anhydride
succinic anhydride
Carboxylic Acid prefix and suffix
Prefix: carboxy-
Suffix: -oic acid
Anydride prefix and suffix
Prefix: alkanoyloxycarbonyl-
Suffix: anhydride
Ester prefix and suffix
Prefix: alkoxycarbonyl-
Suffix: -oate
Amide prefix and suffix
Prefix: carbamoyl- or amido
Suffix: -amide
Aldeyhyde prefix and suffix
Prefix: -oxo
Suffix: -al
Ketone prefix and suffix
Prefix: oxo- or keto-
Suffix: -one
Alcohol prefix and suffix
Prefix: hydroxy-
Suffix: -ol
Alkene prefix and suffix
Prefix: alkenyl-
Suffix: -ene
Alkyne prefix and suffix
Prefix: alkynyl-
Suffix: -yne
Alkane prefix and suffix
Prefix: alkyl-
Suffix: -ane
Order of functional group priority
Carboxylic acid > Anhydride > Ester > Amide > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Alkene = Alkyne > Alkane
In cyclic compounds, alkenes have higher priority than alkynes
How do you name alcohols in organic chemistry?
Replace -e in name of corresponding alkane with -ol
Chain numbered so carbon attached to hydroxyl group gets lowest possible number (even with multiple bond)
If not highest priority, then hydroxy- substituent
How do you name an aldehyde in an organic chemistry compound?
Generally attached to carbon number 1, if highest priority
Named by replacing -e of parent alkane with suffix -al
When aldehyde is position 1, do not need to include number in name
e.g. butanal
How do you name a ketone in organic chemistry?
Contains carbonyl somewhere in middl eof carbon chain, so need to assign number to carbonyl carbon (except propanone)
Repace -e in name of parent alkane with suffix -one
Give carbonyl lowest possible number if highest priority goup
Commonly named by listing alkyl groups in alphabetical order
E.g. ethylmethylketone for 2-butanone
How do you name carboxylic acids in organic chemistry?
Terminal functional groups, therefore associated carbon is usually a 1.
Most oxidized functional group, and therefore many times highest priority
Replace -e in name of parent alkane with suffix -oic acid
How do you name an ester in an organic chemistry compound?
Hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced with alkoxy group (-OR)
First term is alkyl name of esterifying group (adjective describing ester)
Second term is name of parent acid, with -oate replacing the -oic acid suffix
E.g. ethyl propanoate, where ethyl is off of the ester
How do you name an amide compound in organic chemistry?
Carboxylic acid derivative
Hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an amino (nitrogen-containing) group, which can be bonded to zero, one, or two alkyl gorups
Named similar to esters, except suffix becomes -amide
Substitutents attached to nitrogen atom are labeled with a capital N, indicating that theyre bonded to the parent molecule via a nitrogen (not numbered)
E.g. N-ethyl-N-methylbutanamide
How do you name an anhydride in an organic chemistry compound?
Carboxylic acid derivative
Formed from two carboxylic acids, where one water molecule is removed
many are cyclic
Replace acdi with anhydride for the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid if symmetrical
If not symmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named (without the -acid)
E.g. ethanoic propanoic anhydride
