Names Flashcards
1
Q
Lucas et al
A
- ppts answered easy and difficult maths questions, showing increased conformity the more difficult the questions became (especially for people who rated their ability as poor)
- as predicted by ISI
- shows people conform when they do not know the answer and look to others and assume they are correct
2
Q
Asch (evaluation for conformity explanations)
A
- ppts judged the length of 3 lines and had to choose which of them was the same length of another line
- finding that many went along with confederates even though the answers were obviously wrong
- predicted by NSI
- When asked why they did this, they said that they changed their answer to avoid disapproval
3
Q
Perrin and Spencer
A
-Conducted an Asch style experiment using engineering students in the UK
-found only 1/400 conforming responses
-which is the opposite of what Asch found
-Possibly due to students feeling more confident in their ability to judge line lengths
-Conforms that different people will react differently in these situations
(-Also makes Asch’s appear as a child of its time)
4
Q
Orne and Holland
A
- They thought ppts may have not believed Milgrams experiment as the experimenter was to calm
- making ppts not believe in the set up and therefore demonstrate demand characteristics
5
Q
Adorno et al
A
- He believed that the authoritarian personality was laid in early childhood
- conducted an experiment with 2000 white Americans doing questionnaires, with 1 being called the F-scale which measures fascist tendencies
- finding that those who scored highly were status-conscious with excessive respect for those in higher power
- Found that those with this personality were more obedient and uncomfortable with uncertainty, thus believing society requires strong leadership
6
Q
Hofling et al
A
- Measured the obedience of nurses to unjustified demands by doctors
- finding that 21 out of 22 did what was asked
- The process of obedience to authority in the lab study can therefore be generalised
7
Q
Bickman
A
- Confederates stood on a street and asked random passers to ‘pick up litter’, whilst either wearing an ordinary outfit, milkman’s uniform or security guard’s
- finding that conformity was highest for security guard
- supports milgrams idea that uniform adds to the legitimacy of the authority figure
8
Q
Milgram
A
- 40 US male ppts at Yale uni
- did an experiment where they ‘shocked’ the learner up to 450 volts
- The ppt was required to test the learner’s ability to recall pairs of words, shocking them each time they get the answer wrong
- At 300 volts the learner would bang on the wall and complain, and after 315 volts there was no further response heard
- All ppts went to at least 300 volts and 65% continued to the full 450 volts
- finding that under the right circumstances people will obey unjust orders from someone they perceive to be a legitimate authority figure
9
Q
Bond and Smith
A
They found that studies done in collectivist cultures, where social groups are more important, conformity rates are higher than individualist cultures like the US or UK
10
Q
Reicher and Haslam
A
- randomly assigned 15 men to role of prisoner or guard
- BBC SPE contradicts Zimbardo
- as ppts didn’t conform to their social roles automatically and conformity may infact be down to shared social identity of a specific group
11
Q
Zimbardo
A
- (SPE) 21 male US uni students, and paid $15 a day
- It was made to look as realistic as possible, with prisoners being arrested at their homes and given ID badges, whilst also giving guards dark glasses
- randomly assigned to their roles of prisoner and guard
- Quickly conformed to social roles with prisoners rebelling and guards dehumanising them
- Found that people conformed to their social roles even when the roles went against their morals and situational factors were largely responsible
12
Q
Moscovici et al
A
- Wanted to see if a consistent minority could influence a majority to give an incorrect answer
- Demonstrated minority influence in a study
- There was 32 groups of 6 female ppts, where they were deceived about the studies aim
- They groups viewed a set of 36 blue coloured slides
- 2/6 were confederates
- Then had to state whether they were blue or green
- 3 conditions; control, confederates said the slides were green and confederates were inconsistent
- Found that a consistent minority is 6.95% more effective
13
Q
Blass and Schmitt
A
- They got students to watch Milgrams original footage and suggest who was responsible for harm
- They named the experimenter
- as wearing a lab coat meant he held legitimate authority
14
Q
Nemeth
A
- Ppts in groups of 4 had to agree on compensation from a ski accident
- there were 2 conditions; the minority was flexible and minority was inflexible
- When the minority was flexible, the majority compromised
15
Q
Elms and Milgram
A
- They conducted post-experiment interviews on Milgrams original ppts
- finding that obedient ppts scored higher on the F-scale and were less close to their dads yet admired the experimenter
- Concluded that obedient ppts from MIlgrams original experiment displayed more characteristics of the authoritarian personality
