Names Flashcards
1
Q
Melissococcus plutonius
A
EFB- bacterium non-spore forming
2
Q
EFB
A
Melissococcus plutonius
3
Q
AFB
A
Paenibacillus larvae spore forming bacterium
4
Q
Paenibacillus larvae
A
AFB spore forming bacterium
5
Q
Sac brood
A
Morator aetatulas virus spores
6
Q
Morator aetatulas
A
Sac brood virus spores
7
Q
Chalk brood
A
Ascosphaera Apis fungal spores
8
Q
Ascosphaera apis
A
Chalk brood fungal spores
9
Q
Stone brood
A
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungus
10
Q
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
A
Stonebrood
11
Q
Greater wax moth
A
Galleria mellonella
12
Q
Galleria mellonella
A
Greater wax moth
13
Q
Lesser wax moth
A
Achroia grisella
14
Q
Achroia grisella
A
Lesser wax moth
15
Q
Tracheal mite- acarine
A
Acarapis woodi
16
Q
Acarapis woodi
A
Acarine tracheal mite
17
Q
Asian hornet
A
Vespa velutina
18
Q
Vespa velutina
A
Asian hornet
19
Q
Aethina tumida
A
Small hive beetle
20
Q
Small hive beetle
A
Aethina tumida
21
Q
Tropilaelaps mite
A
Tropilaelaps clarae
22
Q
Varroa
A
Varroa destructor
Varroa jacobsoni
23
Q
3.1 a detailed account of the field diagnosis of American foul brood
A
- While performing inspection, if double colony do bottom brood first, sharp shake to inspect combs, inspect for dark, sunken, greasy cappings, perforated cappings, AFB scales by holding to wards light and scanning bottom of cells.
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cells with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker. Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
1-3 cm
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cells with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker. Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
24
Q
a detailed account of the field diagnosis of European foul brood (EFB),
A
- While performing inspection, if double colony do bottom brood first, sharp shake to inspect combs, inspect for deformed, discoloured larvae, perforated cappings, AFB scales by holding to wards light and scanning bottom of cells.
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cels with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker.Before capping, larvae is slumped, creamy colour withelted appearance. May be bad smell due to secondary infections . Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
25
Detailed acct of Paenibacillus larvae
After capping- sealed brood
* greasy dark sunken cappings, sometimes perforated
* sealed brood is patchy – pepperpot
* larvae are light-dark brown and slimy- ropiness test with matchstick 10-30mm string, poss. bad smell
* dries to dark brown, then scale on bottom of cell (bees can’t remove). Scale will fluoresce under UVB light Sometimes proboscis remains pointing up from bottom of cell
* diagnosed by eye, or LFD
26
Describe Melissococcus plutonius
Early- before sealing
* larvae slumped in cell, twisted or stretched
* discoloured – creamy to yellow brown melted appearance
* dries to form scale (bees can remove)
* brood will appear patchy and erratic
* difficult to diagnose in field as easily mistaken for other diseases. Best to use LFD, then send sample for lab tests.
27
How to use Lateral Flow Test
To use a lateral flow test, one adds the larval sample to the buffer liquid and shakes for 20 seconds. Then 2-3 drops of this suspension are placed onto the sample window of the LFD. Blue lines at T & C marks (Test and Control) indicate a positive result. Bag up and dispose of in bin.
28
3.2 an account of the characteristics and life cycle of the causative organisms of Paenibacillus larvae inc development within larvae
Paenibacillus larvae- bacterium. Larvae is fed spores containing P. larvae. Spores germinate in ventriculus of larvae(rod stage, becoming bacteria), .Spores break through wall of ventriculus into haemolymph, then cell is sealed, larvae dies of septicaemia, then decomposes and dries to a scale . Bacteria revert to spore stage as they run out of food. Each scale contains millions of spores which will be transferred to other bee larvae through house bees cleaning. 10-HDA in adult bee’s madndibular glands stops spores germinating in adult bee.
29
an account of the characteristics and life cycle of the causative organisms of Melissococcus plutonius including their development within the larvae;
* Melissococcus plutonius- bacterium-through larval feeding, multiply in ventriculus digesting all larval food and starving bee larvae. After death, ventriculus and hindgut open passing waste and bacteria into cell. House bees clean cell and pick up bacteria to perpetuate the cycle.
30
a detailed account of the development of AFB within the colony
* AFB -bacteria doubles every 8 hours in larval gut
* sporulation occurs when larvae voids gut before metamorphosis
* Bacteria continue to develop in haemolymph – larvae dies of sepsis
* bacteria sporulate again in dead larvae, adult bees are infected as they try to clean up remains,
* spores get everywhere, including honey.
* House bees become nurse bees and pass on spores
* number of young bees will decline, colony will dwindle
31
a detailed account of the development of EFB within the colony
* EFB- infected larvae discharge gut contents into the cell
* cleaned up by house bees then transmitted to larvae through feeding
Colony dwindles
32
3.4 a detailed account of the ways in which AFB and EFB are spread from one colony to
another;
* robbing
* drifting
* drones visiting other colonies
* beekeeper and dirty tools
* feeding infected honey
* second hand equipment
* swarms of unknown origin
* exchange combs between colonies
* purchase of bees from doubtful source
33
3.5 a detailed account of the authorised treatment of colonies infected with AFB and EFB
including methods of destruction of colonies and the sterilisation of equipment;
* AFB- bees and combs must be destroyed by fire in open pit
* hive parts may be scorched, and other toools, suits washed in hot water and soda crystals
* EFB- colony may be shook swarmed
* or destroyed if depleted
34
an account of the features that aid recognition of the Asian Hornet
Queens 3cm long,
workers 2.5cm long
body dark brown
abdomen dark with yellow/orange 4th middle segment
legs are brown with yellow orange ends
head is black with orange
yellow face
only flies during day
35
an account of the features that aid recognition of Aethina tumida
Small dark brown-black beetle 5.7mm long
club shaped antennae
larvae 10mm when fully grown
three pairs of forelegs
Dorsal spines
36
an account of the features that aid recognition of Tropilaelaps mites
Clareae and mercedesae
reddish brown 1mm x .6mm
males slightly smaller
37
a detailed account of the life cycle of the Asian Hornet
Mated queens overwinter in sheltered places, sometimes in groups
Feb-May- constructs embryonic nest and produces first worker
may move to higher place to make bigger nest
May-Oct- colony can grow to 6000
July – Nov- gynes and males produced, several hundred gynes
Sept – Nov- queens and males mate
Nov-Feb-mated queens hibernate , colony dies out,
38
a detailed account of the life cycle of Aethina tumida
Female beetle lays up to 1000 eggs I crevices where house bees wont clean them away
eggs hatch 2-3 days into larvae that tunnel through wax to feed on bee eggs, larvae, pollen and honey
faeces cause honey to froth and ferment so bees can’t use it
at about 2 wks 10mm, larvae leave hive to pupate in soil
emerge in 3-4 weeks to enter hives
39
a detailed account of the life cycle of Tropilaelaps clareae mites
Adult mite enter larval cells to reproduce- pref drones
female lays 3-4 eggs 48 hrs after cell is capped, one day apart
Eggs hatch in 12 hrs
larvae feed on haemolymph of bee larvae, stunting bee growth
egg to adult takes 6 days
adults inc mother emerge with bee to look for new hosts
Short Phoeretic stage 2 days.
Mites scurry around frames. Cannot feed on adult bees.
40
3.8 an account of measures a beekeeper can take to minimise the effects of the presence of Asian Hornet within an apiary
* let grass grow tall in front of hives
* use solid floors
* don’t leave out frames, or extract nearby
* group hives in fives to reduce pressure on individual colonies
* remove ambush hides from around hives
* use entrance muzzle- 10mm sq mesh
* traps once hornets have found apiary
* electric harp
* reduce hive entrance to 5.5mm
41
3.9 a detailed account of the legislation and the statutory requirements relating to notifiable
diseases and pests and the implementation of these requirements in the United Kingdom,
* Bee Diseases and Pest Control (England) Order 2006:SI 2006 no. 342
* Notification
* If a beekeeper suspects presence of a notifiable disease or pest they must notify either NBU or submit sample to FERA lab for analysis (food and environment research agency). AFB, EFB, Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps
* Inspections
* Beek responsible for regular inspections
* NBU prefers to act with beek, but has power to enter premises to inspect
* if pest suspected
◦ Inspector issues standstill notice- no bee, equipment or hive products to be moved from apiary
◦ inspector confirms with lfd
* Bee inspector sends Apiary Inspection Report B” to Fera
◦ foulbrood may contain sample
◦ pest always contains sample
* Standstill remains in force until Statutory control measures have been completed and apiary has been examined and cleared- min 6 wks
* Lab examination- Fera tries to complete exam and complete report within 1 day, sends report 1st class post to bee inspector who will notify beek and explain procedure
* AFB confirmed
◦ inspector issues destruction notice to beek
◦ beek mustdestroy colony by burning bees and framescombs honey quilts in a fire pit
◦ sterilise hive bodies with blowtorch-may be reused
◦ clothing , tools etc, must be cleaned with hot soda crystal solution
◦ standstill remains in place for 6 weeks after destruction
◦ Inspector will re-inspect apiary and withdraw notice if no more signs apparent
◦ Inspector will usually follow up the following season
* EFB
◦ treatment or destruction notice depending on severity
◦ depends on time of year, level of infection and colony strength
◦ Destruction if brood comb >=50% or colony infected
◦ Treatment if infection can be treated by shook swarm
◦ beekeeper can choose to destroy
▪ shook swarm- conditional licenses to remove supers, ripe honey and move colony to hospital apiary
▪ beek prepares clean hive body with fresh foundation or sterilised drawn comb
▪ Inspector carries out shook swarm
▪ old combs burnt
▪ if no flow, feed after two days winter feed
▪ follow up inspection 6wks later
* Aethina tumida or Tropilaelaps
◦ England and Wales Contingency plan for exotic pests and diseases of honey bees invoked
◦ NBU will contact DEFRA and Welsh Assembly
◦ Defra will notify EU Commision
◦ NBU will set up a National Disease Control Centre at Fera lab in York to
▪ coordinate the emergency
▪ Arrange surveys to assess extent of outbreak
▪ procure and deploy necessary resources
▪ liaise with other beek associations, interested parties nationally and locally
▪ assess wider impact on pollination service to agriculture horticulture and the environment
▪ provide up to date info to stakeholders and the media
◦ Statutory Infected Area
▪ 16 km radius around infected colony- movement restrictions will apply
▪ if outbreak is isolated then all colonies in affected area and surrounding area will be destroyed. Soil 10-20m from hive will be treated if licensed products exist
▪ if outbreak is widespread appropriate control methods and vet medicines will be applied subject to Veterinary Medicines Directorate
* Beek Responsibilities
◦ follow advice of bee inspector
◦ learn to recognise pests and diseases
◦ Regularly examine colonies in autumn and spring
◦ report suspected foulbrood to local bee inspector or NBU
◦ put bees on new comb/ foundation after EFB infection
◦ follow hygiene guidelines
◦ keep varroa and other diseases under control- healthy hives are better at surviving EFB
◦ Be insured
42
3.10 a detailed account of the statutory requirements and guidance relating to the Asian Hornet and how these are implemented in the UK;
* report sightings through app or to Non native species - take photo
* if trapped as above, do not release
* only authorised persons allowed to track
alertnonnative@ceh.ac.uk
43
an account of the legislation relating to the importation and export of honey bees;
* Trade in Animals and Related Products Regulations 2011- controls that apply to imports of Apis mellifera and Bombus spp from other member states and countries outside the EU TARP regs
* Bee Diseases and Pests Control (England) Order 2006- lays down the enforcement provisions for post-import controls applying to all imports of bees from outside the EU- the Order
* Commission Regulation (EU) 206/2010- lists countries outside EU from which bees may be imported, health certificate requirements and post import controls
* Commission Decision 2006/855/EC- lays down health certification requirements and post import checks for imported bee packages from New Zealand
* Council Directive 92/65/EEC (Balai Directive) lays down health certificate requirements for bees moving between EU member states
44
the implications of importing packages of honey bees
poss importation of pests and diseases
45
.13 a description of the life cycle and natural history of Varroa destructor including its
development within the honey bee colony and its spread to other colonies;
* mite invades cell prior to capping. (Prefers Drone brood)hides in brood food beneath larva. Breathes through peritremes. Larva consumes brood food in 2-3 days, releasing mite
* mite pierces cuticle of larva creating feeding site to consume haemolymph, offspring will also use this site
* Feeding stimulates egg laying, 60-70hrs after sealing cell first egg is laid unfertilised, this is always male. Further eggs are laid in 30 hour cycles, these are female, usually about 4-5 of these
* mites hatch, take 5.8males -6.6 females days to mature
* male mite mates with females, on cell opening only females and mother leave, entering Phoretic stage moving about on honey bees until they find a suitable cell
* summer- mites live 2-3 mos completing 3-4 brood cycles, but can overwinter on bees.
* Spread by riding on drifting, swarming or robbing bees, but usually by beekeepers moving frames about
46
3.14 a detailed account of the signs of Varroosis describing methods of detection and ways of monitoring the presence of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies;
* mites spotted on bees – reddish brown with 6 legs and flat bodies
* poor brood pattern
* poor brood build up
* found in pink-eyed stage drone brood while uncapping
* young bees with deformed, stunted wings
* dead mites on floor
* Monitor by counting mite drop on floor of hive , mix debris in methylated spirits, mites rise to top. Count mites and divide by days monitored . Need measures if .5 in winter, 6/day in may and 33/day in august
* uncap drone brood, roughly 100. count mites. 5% is light, 25% is severe
* sugar roll 300 bees, in jar with mesh lid and icing sugar for two minutes, settle for two minutes then shake sugar into shallow dish of water over white paper. Repeat twice. Calculate mite drop according to size of hive
* alcohol wash as above, kills bees but more accurate
47
a detailed account of methods of treatment and control of Varroosis, including Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and an outline of the consequences of incorrect administration of chemical treatments, together with a way of determining the resistance of varroa to such treatments;
* Chemical methods -use of authorised varroacides- oxalic or lactic acid during broodless periods, trickle or vapourisation, formic acid and strips in late summer, early autumn
* treat with prescribed amount for prescribed period of time, treat as little as possible, alternate treatments
* resistant varroa will not react to varroacides
* monitor levels of varroa before and after treatment to check for resistance.
* Biotechnical methods-
◦ drone brood removal(shallow comb) removing sealed drone brood, destroying DB then replacing comb,
◦ comb trapping the queen 9 days A, then moving to new comb B, nine days later destroy comb A , move Q to comb C, nine more days remove comb B. Release Q, nine more days remove comb C.
◦ artificial swarm,-move parent colony 4 metres away, set up new one in old place with Q. Foragers will return to new hive. After 9 days remove all but 1 Q in new colony, can put qc in nursery cage so she can’t mate. After 3 weeks all brood in parent colony will have hatched. Add two bait combs of unsealed brood from new colony . Destroy once capped. Cull virgin, introduce new queen. Can then remove old q and reunite.
◦ open mesh floors – mites fall through mesh and can’t return
48
6 a historical account of the spread of Varroosis between countries, including the mechanisms of the spread and how beekeepers in the UK have adapted to the presence of varroa.
* Found in Devon in 1992
* spread from Asia to all continents
* beeks adapted by using IPM
49
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Nosema apis
Nosema apis
Microsporidian fungus, only bees
dysentery
Comb change onto clean combs/foundation
50
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Nosema ceranae
Nosema ceranae
Microsporidian fungus, wasps etc
dysentery
Comb change onto clean combs/foundation
51
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Acarapis woodii
Acarapis woodii (acarine)
Tracheal mite, passed on in hive
None visible
Possibly affected by varroacides
52
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Malpighiamoeba mellificae
Malpighamoeba mellificae
Protazoan parasite
No symptoms
Spores killes by acetic acid fumigation-
53
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of dysentery
condition- not disease
Condition- eating unripe or fermented stores
soiling comb and hive parts with faeces, weak colony
Feed warm thick syrup
54
Alimentary
Pharanx- mouth cavity
Oesophagus- tube through thorax connects pharanx to honey sac- passage for food in both directions
Honey stomach or crop-transparent bag at anterior end of abdomen, carries and temporarily stores nectar, honey and water
Proventriculus- one way valve can prevent nectar honey flowing into ventriculus and seperates pollen from nectar and honey
Ventriculus- true stomach for digestion, shaped for peristalsis.
Pyloric valve- anterior end of intestine, behind entry point of malpighian tubules, lined with hairs to assist aiding contents backwards
Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
Small intestine
Rectum -rectal pads
Anus
55
Excretory
Small intestine- formed as 6 flutes, large surface area to slow down passage of food
Rectum- can dilate to fill whole abdomen- stores waste products prior to cleansing flight
Rectal pads-remove water and salt
Anus- final outlet from alimentary canal
Malpighian tubules- aprox 100, closed at distal end, join the ventriculus at posterior end. Spread throughout abdomen, remove nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
56
Respiratory
Tracheae- exchange water vapour and CO2 from the spiracles, connect them to tracheal sacs
Spiracles 10, 3 thoracic, 7 abdominal. (1st thoracic for acarine)
Tracheal sacs- thin walled and flexible, act as bellows. 2 large in abdomen, smaller ones in abdomen, thorax, legs and head
Tracheoles- tubules that branch out from tracheal sacs to all parts of bees anatomy. Diffuse oxygen to blood and remove co2
57
life cycle of acarine
mites enter young (less than 9 days old) bee through first thoracic spiracle, then make their way to trachea. Feed by piercing cuticle in trachea creating feeding spot to feed on haemolymph. Lay 5-7 eggs in 3-4 days. Eggs hatch to 6 legged larvae after 3-4 days, then become nymphs then 8 legged adults. 11-12 for male, 14-15 for female. They mate, then female mites leave through spiracle, climb hairs on bee and catch onto another passing young bee to continue
58
life cycle of Nosema apis
house bees ingest spore-contaminated faeces while cleaning, spores pass through to mid-gut to germinate and infect epithelial cells in mid-gut. Nosema multiplies, feeds on and kills cell, forms new spores within 5 days. Cell breaks down releasing 30-50million spores some invade new cells, some pass out through faeces
59
life cycle of Malpighamoeba mellificae
amoeba with flagellum emerges from cyst inside gut of bee and moves to malpighian tubules through opening into gut. Amoeba attacks cells lining tubules and after 3-4 weeks divide and form new cysts by producing a protective coat around themselves, Cysts pass through into faeces and are expelled, where it can be picked up by house bee.
60
a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- chalk brood,
Chalk Brood
Ascosphaera apis- fungus
enters through brood food, grows fungal hyphae that penetrate through gut wall and grow out through cuticle. Larvae dies once cell is capped
Larvae resembles white plug with yellow shrunken head. Starts dark and fluffy, then hardens to chalky white, bees will try to remove, so often seen on floor
crumble easily when handled
pepperpot brood
Possible re-queening
do not chill frames
thymol may inhibit chalk brood fungus
61
3.19 a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- sacbrood virus
Virus- Morator aetatulas, enters through larval food, larvae fails at 5th moult, cuticle fails to seperate from epidermis, moulting fluid fills space, larvae dies in sac
Uncapped cells where pupa has dried to gondola or chinese slipper shape, cappings may be perforated not fully removed, contents fluid and sticky, but won’t rope. Bees shorten life span-
start foraging earlier-
don’t feed larvae-
collect little to no pollen
None- requeen as some strains more suseptible
62
a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- stone brood,
Aspergillus flavus- fungus-, fumigatus attacks larvae after capping prior to pupation, capped or uncapped. Very rare
Mummies are yellow, then turn green
mummies are hard and do not crumble
fumigatus are grey green
re-queen
63
3.20 a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - chilled brood
All stages of brood are killed due to low temps, weak colony, pesticide, starvation etc. may be dead at periphery of nest, larvae grey then black and shiny, black scale easily removed
Do not expose to low temps- always fault of beek, keep colonies strong
64
a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - bald brood
Wax moth tunnels exposing brood, or genetic where some just don’t get capped wax moth faeces
bees emerge deformed from
cells
Strong colony should repel wax moth , otherwise if genetic bees will emerge properly
65
3.20 a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - neglected drone brood;
Drone laying queen or laying workers, colony is small, produces stunted drones, all brood is drone,
Colony past hope, destroy
66
a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Acarine mite,
Sample of 30 flying bees within 2/3 days of testing,
kill by freezing,
bee is laid back and pinned to block between 2nd and 3rd pair of legs
remove head and first pair of legs with forceps
reveal collar,
peel off collar, this reveals trachea. Need dissecting microscope 10x-20x. Healthy trachea are creamy colour . Remove trachea with dissecting needle , put on slide under compound microscope with 40x-600x. All forms easily seen
67
3.20 a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Nosema spores
Abdomens of acarine samples are crushed with few drops of water into a paste.
Small drop is put on slide and covered with cover slip . Compound microscope between 400-1000x. Nosema spores are rice shaped with double nucleus
5-8 micrometres long 2-3 wide
68
3.20 a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Amoeba infestations in worker honey bees including the rationale for sample
sizes employed;
Abdomens of acarine samples are crushed with few drops of water into a paste. Small drop is put on slide and covered with cover slip . Compound microscope between 400-1000x.
6-10 micrometres but spherical
69
the rationale for sample
sizes employed;
Reasoning for sample size is with sample of 30, there is 95% probability that the sample of bees is proportional to the colony, so if any of the above are present they will be represented in the sample
70
3.21 a detailed description of the fumigation of comb using ethanoic acid (acetic acid), including safety precautions to be taken;
* wear gloves, safety glasses mask or respirator and overalls as acid will burn skin and clothing and is harmful if inhaled
* stack solid floor, then brood body or super full of frames
* place an acid-proof dish with absorbent pad and 140 ml acetic acid on top of frames.
* Continue stacking hive bodies and acid as above.
* Top off with crown board, seal edges or place stack in large plastic bag
* fumigate for at least a week, ventilate combs for a week before use.
* Acid will damage concrete and any metal runners or hive parts, so cover with petroleum jelly
71
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include shook swarm
* Shook swarm- move hive to one side
* set up new hive in old place with QE between floor and body
* remove middle four frames, put to one side
* find Q and keep safe
* take each frame and sharp shake all bees into space in new box, brush any stragglers
* put old frames in a bag so bees cannot go back on them
* brush out any bees in old box
* replace queen, add four frames back in, wait for them to settle
* replace crownboard and feed heavy syrup
Remove bottom qe after 7 days
72
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include Bailey comb change for a healthy colony
* remove crownboard and replace with QE, and eke with entrance facing back,
place new bb on top with frames of new foundation, place QE below any supers
* may need to feed heavy syrup depending on nectar flow
* workers will draw out comb. Once 2-3 combs are drawn find Q and place in centre of new box on drawn comb.
* Reassemble hive but turn lower entrance towards back
* remove any frames in lower box not containing brood, close up hive
* after four days check lower bb for qc-remove. Q lays up top and all brood hatches out below *approx 3 weeks
* once brood is hatched, remove bottom box, rebuild hive with clean floor as normal
* burn diseased frames
73
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include Bailey comb change for a weak colony;
Remove all non brood frames and dummy down
* remove crownboard and replace with QE, and eke with entrance place new bb on top with frames of clean drawn comb dummy down to match below.
* Will need to feed heavy syrup depending on nectar flow
* . find Q and place in centre of new box on old frame .
* Reassemble hive to match below
* remove any frames in lower box not containing brood, close up hive
* after four days check lower bb for qc-remove. Q lays up top and all brood hatches out below *approx 3 weeks
* once brood is hatched, remove bottom box, rebuild hive with clean floor as normal
* burn diseased frames
* for a weak colony- use clean drawn comb, dummy down the frames
74
a description of the effects of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus Type 1
a description of the effects of chronic bee paralysis virus Trembling wings and body, crawl on ground and up plant stems, huddle on top bars, non-reactive to smoke, bloated abdomen, dysentery, k-wings, death
associated with varroa and acarine
75
a description of the effects of chronic bee paralysis virus
Trembling, not flying, refused entry to hive, broad abdomen, nibbled by other bees, hairless shiny, deaths
associated with varroa and acarine
76
.23 a description of the effects of acute bee paralysis virus,
Weak colony, dead bees, trembling bees, uncoordinated, partly or completely hairless, dark upper thorax, greasy oily older bees, younger bees slightly opaque, decline within days
varroa
77
a description of the effects of Black queen cell virus
Queen cells turn black, pupa is yellow, tough skin resembling sacbrood
nosema
78
a description of the effects of Sacbrood
Morator aetatulas
Moult to pupa fails, sac fills with fluid, resembles chinese slipper/gondola shape, dies, gives short rope, adult bees infected while cleaning cells, they have shorter life, become foragers earlier, don’t collect pollen, don’t feed larvae, colony can dwindle easily removed scale
varroa
79
a description of the effects of Deformed wing Virus
Stubby useless wings, cannot fly, short round abdomens, reduced lifespan -less than 48 hrs, usually expelled from hive, can be dis- coulored, can be paralysed
Varroa, tropilaelaps
80
a description of the effects of Slow Paralysis Virus
Later season collapse
Varroa
81
Filamentous virus
Milky haemolymph, multiplies in fat bodies and ovarian tissue of workers
Nosema
82
Virus Y
Adult bees in early summer-no signs
Nosema
83
Virus X
Colonies die in late winter
Amoeba(Malpighamoeba mellificae
84
Cloudy Wing Virus
Wings go cloudy, death, airborne, affects trachea
none assoc
85
an outline account of the life cycle of Braula coeca, its effect on the colony
* eggs laid in honey under the cappings or on cell walls
* larvae tunnel through cappings feeding on honey and pollen
* larvae pupate in tunnels and emerge as adults
* egg to adult 21 days
* sits near mouthparts of bee and feeds from there, does not harm bee, prefers Q, possibly may overwhelm Q , impeeding egg laying and causing supercedure
86
a description of the differences between adult Braula coeca and Varroa destructor;
Braula Coeca
Six legs
Harmless to bees
Co-exists in colony
Does not pierce bees
Does not carry other diseases
Feeds on mouthparts of bee
Varroa destructor
Eight legs
Harmful to bees
Can cause colony collapse
Pierces bee to feed on haemolymph
Carries other diseases and viruses
Feeds on haemolymph of larvae and adult bees
87
3.25 an outline account of the signs of poisoning by natural substances, agricultural chemicals, other chemicals and treatments to which honey bees may be exposed;
* large numbers of dead bees at hive entrance
* bees spinning, falling, trembling
* proboscis extended
* guard bees refuse entry
* colony bad tempered
88
3.26 an account of the ways in which honey bees can become exposed to agricultural chemicals;
* eating- ingesting nectar containing spray
* contact with crops that have been sprayed
* breathing- flying through spray
* wind drift
89
3.27 a detailed description of the action to take, and practical measures possible, when prior notification of application of toxic chemicals to crops is given;
* move hives 3 miles away
* get info about spraying
◦ what crops where
◦ type of spray
◦ time of spraying
◦ wind direction/weather
* close up hives, keeping ventilated
* provide water-contact feeder, wet sponge
* provide shading
* mark hives so sprayer can see them
90
3.28 an outline description of the BBKA recommended spray liaison system
* association provides spray officer
* promotes contact with local farmers
* agree a process for notifications to members
* agree process for notification of suspected poisoning
91
3.29 an account of the action to be taken when spray damage to a colony is suspected;
* contact spray liasion officer with date time
* try to find out what chemical, location, witnesses
* 3 samples of 200 dead bees-not in plastic, preferably with pollen
* send one sample to NBU with details
* keep remaining two in freezer
* close down entrance , feed heavy syrup
92
3.30 a description of the damage caused to colonies and equipment by mice, and ways to prevent this
Mus domesticus
Apodemus Sylvaticus
-Enter in autumn to hibernate
-can squeeze through 1cm slot, but not hole
-feed on stores, dead bees
-destroy combs make mess
-chew up other hive parts
-smell upsets bees, disrupt cluster
Mouseguards with slot less than 8mm high, or less than 10mm diameter
93
mouse
Mus musculus
94
Wood mouse
Apodemus sylvaticus
95
green woodpecker
Picus viridis
96
a description of the damage caused to colonies and equipment by woodpeckers and prevention
-Makes holes in sides of hive in cold weather
-causes chilling and death
-eats bees with long barbed tongue
-damages equipment
Cover hive in wire netting, leaving space in between
cover with plastic but ensure ventilation
97
a description of the damage caused to colonies and equipment by wasps/hornets
-Invade nest, wipe out colony when wasp nest is dwindling
-Hornets hawk bees for protein
Reduce hive entrance when wasps about
put out wasp traps outside the entrance
98
a description of the damage caused to colonies and equipment by mammals/birds
-Shrews, rats , moles, squirrels, hedgehogs and badgers can disturb colonies in winter
-cattle and horses knock over hives
swifts, tits, swallows and shrikes eat bees in flight
sparrows and pheasants can take bees leaving hives
Mouse guards and strap up hives
use fencing in good order
99
a detailed account of wax moth damage
wax moth causes damage by tunnelling through brood frames, covering them in silk and frass. Emerging bees can get caught up in the silk, and the frass causes deformities. Tunnels cause bald brood. Gm larvae will chew into frames to pupate, so will damage inside of hive
100
life cycle of the Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella);
* Galleria Mellonella- dates are temperature dependent. Wingspan 30-41mm
◦ eggs laid in crevices so house bees don’t find them, hatch in 3-5 days
◦ larvae hatch and search for comb to feed, surrounding themselves with silk
◦ moult 7 times=20mm long. Grey with brown prothoracic shield with broad band across it- 6-7 weeks
◦ makes boat shaped hollows in woodwork and spins coccoon, these are in rows- 6-55 days depending on weather etc
◦ emerges and leaves hive to mate, lives about 30 days
101
life cycle of the Lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella
◦ smaller wingspan 31, 15mm long
no cocoons in rows
◦ does not damage woodwork
102
3.32 a detailed account of methods of treating or storing comb with particular reference to
preventing wax moth damage and the spread of honey bee diseases;
* spray comb with Certan-Bacillus thuringiensis-bacterium that targets lepidoptera caterpillars. Spray both sides, lasts one season. Does not taint.
* Stack and treat with acetic acid, sulphur at top of stack. Burn sulphur paper in small tin can with holes set on a QE. Repeat in 3-4 weeks
* Temp. freezing combs will kill wax moth and larvae -15C for +48hrs. Then stack as above
* ensure hive components fit tightly together with no cracks, seal joins with packing tape. Don’t store corrugated cardboard near stored wax
103
3.33 an account of the legal requirements for the recording of all veterinary medicines introduced to a colony of honey bees and how this should be recorded
* Honeybees are food producing animals, beeks are required by law to keep a record of any medicines administered and keep for 5 years
* Name of product and batch number
* date of acquisition
* quantity acquired
* name and address of supplier
* Administering-
* name of products
* date of administration
* quantity administered
* withdrawal period
* id of treated animals
* Disposal-
* date of disposal
* quantity disposed of
* how/where disposed of
104
3.34 a detailed account of the signs, effects and transmission of CBPV and the recommended actions of the beekeeper
* Chronic bee paralysis virus type 1
* Trembling wings and body, crawl on ground and up plant stems, huddle on top bars, non-reactive to smoke, bloated abdomen, dysentery, k-wings, death
* Varroa, acarine
*-Chronic bee paralysis virus type 2
* Trembling, not flying, refused entry to hive, broad abdomen, nibbled by other bees, hairless shiny, deaths
* Varroa, acarine
105
CBPV and the recommended actions of the beekeeper
* Transmission-
* believed to be through varroa and acarine
* Actions-
* in strong colonies showing signs of CBPV, beekeepers ensure there is plenty of room by adding supers or an extra brood box and also that colonies are well fed
* also remove floor so infected bees leave and cannot re-enter colony
* bees thought to be genetically susceptible, so requeen
106
3.35 an account of the legislation and statutory requirements relating to the reporting and
recording of the presence of the varroa mite within a hive;
* The Bee Diseases and Pests Control (England) Order 2006 has been amended by the Bee Diseases and Pests Control Order 2021 (as of 21st April 2021.)
* report at apiary level- tick box on BeeBase
107
3.36 an account of the roles of the Animal & Plant Health Agency and the National Bee Unit, including how the Beebase website is employed to support beekeepers
* APHA-identifying and controlling endemic and exotic diseases and pests in animals, plants and bees, and surveillance of new and emerging pests and diseases. At a government level
* NBU-delivers the Bee Health Programmes on behalf of Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and Welsh Government (WG) in England & Wales.
* BeeBase-provides a wide range of beekeeping information, such as the activities of the NBU, honey bee related legislation, pests and diseases information which includes their recognition and control, publications, advisory leaflets and key contacts.
108
Treatment for CBPV
More space
Feed
109
Name the bacteria that causes American foulbrood
Paenibacillus larvae
110
What is distinctive about the thorax of the Asian Hornet?
it is solid velvety black
111
Which organisation should you contact if you see an Asian Hornet?
(Non native species secretariat
112
Name a test to determine Varroa resistance to chemical treatments.
Beltseville
113
Name the causative organism of chalkbrood.
fungus Ascosphaera apis
114
Name a method by which a ‘weak’ colony can be transferred onto clean comb.
Bailey comb change
115
Give the scientific name of the lesser wax moth.
Achroia grisella
116
How could honey bees become exposed
to agricultural pest control chemicals? …
Through farmer spraying a field they forage in
117
If spray damage is suspected, how many samples of dead bees should be collected?
.3 samples of 200 bees
118
Name the authors of Honeybee Pathology
Bailey and Ball
119
Give the scientific name of the organism that causes European foulbrood (EFB).
Melissococcus plutonius
120
Describe the development of the infection EFB in the bee.
▪ bacteria enters the young larvae through brood food and multiply in the ventriculus,
▪ act as parasite and starve larvae 3-4 days before cell capping
▪ house bees remove larvae and clean up cell
▪ house bees pick up bacteria and pass it on through feeding
121
Why is a beekeeper more likely to notice EFB in spring?
▪ the colony will fail to build up, as limited number of nurse bees to feed the very hungry larvae.
▪ the beekeeper should notice during inspections for all brood diseases
122
Why does the disease EFB persist in the colony?
▪ Can be mistaken for other issues, beekeeper may not take proper action
▪ bacterium can survive on frames for years
▪ adult bees appear healthy, but will still contaminate brood food
▪ If there are plenty of food and nurse bees infected larvae can survive to adulthood perpetuating the infection.
123
How is EFB spread between colonies?
▪ beekeeper moving frames
▪ swarms
▪ drifting
▪ drones
▪ robbing
124
(a) Give the scientific name of a notifiable pest of honey bees,
other than Tropilaelaps spp.
Aethina tumida
125
Give a detailed account of the life cycle of Tropilaelaps clareae.
▪ Mite enters cell containing bee larva to reproduce
▪ she lays 3-4 eggs one day apart
▪ egg laying commences 48hrs after cell is capped
▪ eggs hatch in 12 hours
▪ mite larvae passes quickly through all nymphal stages
▪ mite larvae feed on haemolymph of bee larva
▪ egg to adult takes 6 days
▪ all mites emerge with bee and go off to seek new hosts
▪ can be seen walking on frames
126
List the main identifying features of an adult Tropilaelaps clareae.
▪ small reddish brown mite
▪ eight legs
▪ 1mm long and .5mm wide
▪ males slightly smaller than females
127
What is the scientific name for the tracheal mite?
Acarapis woodii
128
How common is a tracheal mite infestation and why is this?
▪ not very common
▪ Varroa treatments are effective against the acarine mite also
*only diagnosed through microscopy
129
(c) How does a honey bee become infested by a tracheal mite
and how does the infestation progress?
* mite climbs onto young bee (less than 9 days old)
* climbs up first thoracic spiracle making its way to trachea
* pierces cuticle of trachea and sucks haemolymph to eat
* lays between five to seven eggs
* eggs hatch into nymphs in 3-6 days
* mites fully developed in about 14 days (males slightly earlier),mate in the trachea and pregnant females exits via spiracle and hitches ride looking for next young bee
130
What are the indications of an infestation by tracheal mites
* dissected microscopy of the trachea of the honey bee
▪ k wings
▪ bees cannot fly
▪ bees climb up grass
131
Name a disease with similar indications to tracheal mite
Chronic Bee Paralysis virus
132
How, and in what life stage, does chalkbrood kill a honey bee?
shortly after capping. Fungal spores infiltrates the larvae via the brood food, germinate in the ventriculus and hyphae invades into the body of the larvae killing it.(
133
What are the signs of chalkbrood?
▪ larvae appear as white plug, often shrunken yellow head
▪ start soft and dark, but harden to chalky appearance, crumble easily
▪ may be seen on hive floor as bees remove them
▪ pepperpot brood pattern if heavily infested
134
How is chalkbrood transmitted within and between colonies?
▪ transmitted through fungal spores larval food
▪ dark grey stage produces spores that will permeate through hive, last up to 15 years
▪ beekeeper can transmit between colonies by swapping frames, not cleaning tools, etc
▪ drones, robbing, drifting etc can transport spores to other colonies
135
What conditions in the colony can result in chalkbrood becoming a serious problem?
▪ lower outside temperatures
▪ not enough nurse bees
▪ beekeeper manipulations resulting in chilled frames of brood
136
What is the recommended treatment or control for chalkbrood?
▪ replace frames with clean foundation/sterilised comb
▪ requeen
137
Give the scientific name of the greater wax moth.
Galleria mellonella
138
(b) What would a beekeeper find in a colony if greater wax moths have been in the
colony for more than three weeks?
* pupa in rows of cocoons
* indentations in frames
* larval tunnels through comb
* strands of silk and frass
139
(c) Describe how stored comb should be treated with ethanoic
acid (acetic). Include necessary safety precautions.
wear appropriate safety gear, gloves, safety glasses, mask/respirator and overalls
* use a base that is acid proof- plastic not concrete (vapours damage concrete)
* place solid floor or board, then brood body or super with frames
* place absorbent pad with 140ml of acetic acid in acid proof dish on top of frames
* continue to stack hive bodies and frames with additional acid for each one
* cover with crown board
* seal all gaps with tape, plastic sheeting, or stack inside large plastic bag
* keep sealed for at least a week
* ventilate for a week before using
* acid vapour will damage any metal parts ie frame runners remove or cover with Vaseline.
140
List the signs of American foulbrood (AFB):at a colony level;
* Sunken cappings with dark greasy appearance
* chewed cappings
* bad odour
141
List the signs of American foulbrood (AFB):at a brood level.
* Only evident in sealed brood
pepperpot brood pattern
* larvae appear light to dark brown and slimy
* larvae will dry to dark brown scale in bottom of cell which bees cannot remove
* matchstick poked in larvae will produce a 2.5cm stringy rope
* followed by tacky stage as larvae start to dry up
* often present with proboscis raised from bottom of cell
142
Give details of how the Bee Inspector will confirm the diagnosis in the field?
* rope test then using material for lateral flow.
* Bee inspector will use lateral flow device
* adds sample of larval remains to solution
* shakes thoroughly
* drops into sample window
* waits for resulting Control and Test lines to indicate results
* Control line must show to indicate test has worked, Test line indicates positive result
* sample may also be sent to lab
143
Describe the development of the AFB infection in the colony.
* Spores contaminate brood food and are eaten by larvae
* spores germinate in the gut of larvae producing vegetative cells
* vegetative cells move into epithelial cells lining gut, then into haemolymph
* larvae dies from septicaemia
* house bees try to clean out larval remains and become infected
* They transfer spores to further larvae through food
* spores can get into honey, allowing other bees to spread it
* colony will eventually dwindle and die
144
What are the statutory procedures for an apiary following confirmation of AFB?
* Colony is destroyed with all frames in fire pit
* Hive parts can be sterilised with a blowtorch
* All other equipment must be washed in soda crystal solution if polystyrene soaked in a 5% bleach solution for 30 minutes.
* standstill order is placed on apiary for at least six weeks during which the bee inspector will check if the infection has cleared from the apiary.
145
How many syndromes are there of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV)?
two
146
List the signs of CBPV at a colony level.
* Bees with trembling wings and bodies
* not flying, crawling up grass stems
* huddle on top bars- nonreactive to smoke
147
The signs of CBPV are similar to another serious situation affecting the colony, name the situation and the distinguishing signs.
* Pesticide poisoning
* Dead bees will be seen with probosces extended
* poisoned bees may be seen over a larger area, not just in front of hive
* Bees spinning around in front of the hive.
* Sudden drop in the number of foragers
* Guard bees not allowing bees to enter, hive agitated.
148
List the signs of CBPV at individual bee level for each syndrome.
Type 1
Trembling wings and body
Crawling on ground and up plant stems
Huddle on top bars, non-reactive to smoke
Bloated abdomen
dysentery
K wings
death
Type 2
Trembling, not flying
Refused entry to hive
Swollen abdomen
Black , shiny and hairless
death
149
What is the cause of CBPV, when can it occur and how can it be transmitted
* Virus-This is the only virus that is believed not to be transmitted by varroa mites. It is transmitted by multiple routes including faecal joral, abrasions and injury to the integument (think of all those broken hairs), robbing and drifting as they can incubate the virus for up to 6 days before showing signs.
* acarine
* Close contact so crowed hive higher risk after periods of poor weather, colonies who go into the winter with a few infected individuals may succumb over the winter.
150
Where can the infection be found in the individual bee? EFB
In the cells particularly brain, nervous system, faeces and its epithelium
151
What is the recommended treatment or control of CBPV?
Give more space, add brood body or supers
Remove floor sp affected bees can fall out but not re enter
A colony affected by CBPV is unlikely to be in a state to build comb so you would need comb. The rub here is unless it has been irradiated it will not be sterile. The amount of virus left viable on the comb decreases the longer the comb is unoccupied.
152
Where in the honey bee would you find Acarapis woodii?
in the trachea
153
What would a lateral flow
device be used for in beekeeping
diagnosing AFB or EFB
154
How is acarine diagnosed?
looking at trachea using a dissecting microscope
155
What is the common name for Achroia grisella?
lesser wax moth
156
Give one action a beekeeper could take on
hearing of pesticide spraying close to the apiary?
move hives over 3 miles
157
Which organ is affected by Amoeba?
malpighian tubules
158
Name an insect that steals food
from the mouthparts of the honey bee.
Braula coeca
159
Which disease is associated
with Black Queen Cell Virus?
nosema
160
What is the recommended sample size needed
for the diagnosis of poisoning by toxic chemicals?
3 samples of 200 bees
161
Give one chemical which is used to fumigate comb.
ethanoic acid
162
Why is regular brood comb change important?
1. Old comb can harbour pests and diseases
2. brood cells become smaller with old pupal cases
3. comb can be contaminated with pesticides
4. These can build up to a dangerous level
163
Briefly describe a method of changing all the comb in a strong colony with two supers, during a nectar flow in May.
1. Bailey comb change- bring a clean brood body and frames with new foundation
2. set supers aside, place eke with rear entrance on QE, with BB on top.
3. QE on top of new BB and replace supers
4. after a week, find Q and move to top box
5. after 3 days, check for QC in bottom box and remove
6. close bottom entrance
7. wait 3 weeks or until all old brood is hatched
8. remove original bb with old combs
9. rebuild hive
10. destroy old combs
164
Explain the cause and the development of chalk brood in a colony.
* Caused by fungus- ascosphaera apis
* spores ingested by larvae through the brood food
* spores germinate in the gut
* fungal hyphae will then grow out through the gut wall and cuticle
* larvae dies once cell is capped
* larvae becomes dark and fluffy but hardens to white crumbly stage
* exacerbated by chilling and damp conditions
* bees will remove dead larvae, leaving pepperpot pattern
165
How is chalk brood spread?
1. Through nurse bees cleaning and contaminating larval food with spores
2. spores drifting through hive
166
Briefly describe the management of chalk brood.
1. Avoid chilling brood
2. destroy frames showing large amounts of chalk brood
3. requeen may help
4. Keep large colonies for warmth, also can fumigate comb to destroy spores.
167
What is the scientific name for the Asian Hornet?
Vespa velutina
168
Describe how an Asian Hornet could be recognised.
1. Black head with orange face
2. black thorax
3. black abdomen with yellow fourth segment
4. brownish black legs with yellow ends
5. Queen is 3cm long, workers 2.5mm long
169
Give the scientific names of the pests and diseases that are notifiable in the UK.
1. Tropilaelaps
2. Aethina tumida
3. Melissococcus plutonius
4. Paenibacillus larvae
170
What actions should a beekeeper take if they suspect a notifiable disease?
1. Take a photo
2. Close up affected hive, reduce entrance
3. place voluntary standstill on apiary
4. Contact NBU/ Bee inspector
5. Clean any suits, equipment etc with soda crystal solution
171
Indicate on the diagram where any disease forming organisms might be found, giving the name of the organ and the relevant disease.
Ventriculus- Nosema ceranae, Nosema apis
malpighian tubules-Malpighamoeba mellificae
172
Give details of how these organisms would affect the worker honey bee.
1. Nosema spp- supress immune systems, cause dysentery, bees starve
2. Malpighamoeba mellificae- no symptoms-
173
How are these diseases transmitted and what is the agent of transmission?
1. Nosema spp are microsporidian fungi. The spores are excreted, and cleaned and spread by house bees ingesting them, and passing on through feeding.
2. Malpighamamoeba mellificae is an amoeba, they form cysts in the malpighian tubules that accumulate in the rectum and are then excreted. These are also cleaned and ingested by house bees, and spread through feeding.
174
List the characteristics of all stages of small hive beetle in a honey bee colony.
1. Small dark brown/black beetle
2. 5.7mm length
3. club shaped antennae
4. lay up to 1000 eggs are laid in crevices in hive
5. larvae grow to 10-11 mm long
6. larvae are yellowish with three pairs of forelegs
7. larvae tunnel through comb, feeding on bee eggs, larvae, pollen and honey
8. at about 2 weeks larvae leave hive to pupate in ground below hive
9. after pupation they will return to the hive
175
What is the effect of small hive beetle on a colony of honey bees?
1. Larvae feed on bee eggs, larvae, pollen and honey
2. tunnel through comb making slimy mess
3. faeces cause honey to ferment so bees cannot use it
4. weaken colony to collapsing point
176
Describe the signs in a colony suffering from American Foul Brood.
1. Sunken greasy dark cappings, affects larvae post capping.
2. foul smell
3. dried black scale in bottom of cell, bees and beekeeper unable to remove
4. scale often has proboscis left pointing upwards
5. cell contents that rope on matchstick test to 25mm
6. Irregularly perforated cappings
7. pepperpot brood pattern as queen will not lay in cells with scale.
177
Name 3 other conditions that could be confused with AFB and explain why they are different.
1. Chalkbrood- pepperpot brood pattern may appear similar, but can be distinguished by the presence of chalky white mummies on hive floor and in cells.
2. Sacbrood-early stages may have perforated cappings and slimey contents. Contents are not as ropey like AFB though.
3. Chilled brood- capped brood will turn yellow brown/grey , but can be distinguished from AFB as all stages of brood are affected.
178
Describe the control measures that may be used by an Appointed Bee Inspector for the treatment and containment of both Foul Brood diseases in the UK.
1. Issues a standstill notice- applies to bees, equipment, or hive products, marks affected hives
2. sends Apiary Inspection Report to Fera containing sample
3. if AFB confirmed, issues a destruction notice
4. destroys all bees, frames combs and honey in fire pit
5. must clean all clothing, tools with Soda crystal solution
6. standstill remains for at least 6 weeks
7. bee inspector follows up with future inspections
8. if EFB- as above but may issue treatment or destruction notice depending on severity- 50% brood comb is cutoff
9. can grant conditional licenses to remove honey and supers and move colony to hospital apiary
10. can perform shook swarm, burning all old brood comb
11. follow up inspection in 6 weeks
179
Describe in detail the life cycle of Varroa destructor, with timings for each stage.
1. Reproductive Stage- Female mite enters cell just prior to capping
2. hides beneath brood food and emerges after larvae eats brood food
3. establishes feeding site by piercing cuticle of bee larvae, mite larvae will also use this
4. mite feeds on haemolymph, this stimulates egg laying.
5. Mite lays first egg 60-70 hours after cell is sealed, this unfertilised egg is always male
6. mite lays further 4-5 fertilised female eggs in 24-30 hour intervals
7. eggs hatch in just under a week
8. males take approx 5.8 days to mature, females 6.6
9. males mate with female mites inside cell and die
10. Mature female mites leave cell and enter Phoretic stage, immature or die in cell and non mated mites remain infertile.
11. mites hitch ride on young bees (less than 9 days) and look for cells to reproduce in
180
Describe the artificial swarm method that can be used to reduce the Varroa level in a colony.
1.like pagden
Move 2 frames etc
181
Give the scientific name of the wingless fly which can affect honey bees
Braula coeca
182
How does AFB survive for
decades in old beekeeping equipment?
through spores which will survive 30+ years………
183
How can a healthy colony be
transferred on to clean comb in the Spring?
shook swarm/ Bailey comb change…
184
What is the Beltsville Test used for?
determining varroa resistance to pyrethroids
185
From which non-EU country can you import package bees?
New Zealand
186
State one method of monitoring the varroa level in a colony.
Alcohol wash
187
Give one sign indicating spray poisoning.
masses of dead bees all around hive
188
Name an organic acid which is used in an authorised varroa treatment.
oxalic acid
189
Give one key identification feature of an Asian hornet.
black legs with yellow ends
190
Where does the acarine mite enter the honey bee?
first thoracic spiracle
191
Where in the bee does Nosema apis multiply?
ventriculus
192
What effect does Nosema apis have on an individual bee?
i) an individual bee?
1. Shortened life span
2. becomes a forager earlier
3. less if any pollen collected
4. will not feed larvae as hypopharyngeal glands do not develop properly
5. dies due to digestive failure- starves
6. Dysentery
193
What effect does Nosema apis have on
the colony?
Colony will not build up, may eventually dwindle
194
How can a diagnosis of Nosema apis in a colony be confirmed?
1. Crush abdomens of 30 flying bees with 10 ml water
2. put a drop on a slide with cover slip
3. look under microscope around x400
4. nosema spores look like tiny rice grains
5. higher level of spores seen, higher the level of infection
195
Give three differences between the small hive beetle larvae and wax moth larvae which allow the beekeeper to distinguish between them.
Small Hive Beetle larvae
Larvae about 10mm long, yellowish colour with darker head
Cause combs to become slimy
Three sets of forelegs, have dorsal spines
Wax Moth larvae
20-30 mm fully grown
Make silk webs and spin cocoons
Have legs all along body
white
196
Describe how to fumigate comb with ethanoic (acetic) acid, include any safety precautions which need to be taken.
1. Wear appropriate acid proof gloves, safety glasses and overalls, respirator
2. acid will burn skin and clothing
3. On an acid proof surface, wood, plastic
4. place a brood box/super with frames and stack more on top accordingly
5. make sure all edges are sealed with tape so fumes can’t escape
6. place glass or glazed acid proof dish at top of stack
7. with absorbent pad and 100-140 mls per box of 80% acetic acid per brood box
8. wrap stack with plastic or seal in large plastic bag
9. leave for one weeks a week is normally advised but as temperature relates..
10. air out frames for a week before using
11. acetic acid will corrode metal so hive runners may be coated in petroleum jelly to protect them
197
Give the scientific name for two notifiable pests in the UK.
1. Tropilaelaps spp
2. Aethina tumida
198
Describe the effects that Tropilaelaps and SHB have on honey bee colonies.
1. tropilaelaps mites can transmit other viruses
◦ establish quickly and overrun colony
◦ reduce lifespan of bees
◦ affect brood mortality
◦ cause deformed wings- less foragers
* Aethina tumida
◦ larvae will tunnel through combs eating bee eggs, larvae, pollen and honey
◦ will turn hive into slimy mess destroying brood
◦ feces cause honey to ferment so bees cannot use stores
199
In the UK, green woodpeckers and mice can cause significant damage to colonies. State how and when they damage colonies and what the beekeeper can do to help prevent damage.
* Mice will damage colonies in the autumn as they look for somewhere warm to hibernate. They will chew through comb, eat stores and leave urine and faeces everywhere. Bees don't like the smell
* Beekeepers should use mouse guards or a narrow entrance slot 7mm high.
* Green woodpeckers cause damage in the winter as they will bore a hole in the side of hives to eat bees and larvae. Holes obviously will let heat out of hives, causing chilling, and allow entry for rats and mice
* wrap hives in chicken wire, leaving a space between wire and hive, or wrap hive in plastic so woodpeckers cannot gain purchase with their feet. The beekeeper must ensure there is adequate ventilation though.
200
A beekeeper is notified that pesticide spraying is due to take place.
What precautions must a beekeeper take if they have to temporarily close the hive?
1. Place a feeder and waterer in the hive
2. make sure the hive is well shaded
3. place a wet sheet/blanket over hive to keep it cool
4. Add another brood box/super to give bees more space
5. allow for ventilation, and open no later than 24 hours
6. Mark hives so sprayer can see them
201
What is the procedure for reporting an incident of suspected poisoning?
* Record as much detail as possible- date, weather time, location, photos of colonies
* take 3 samples of 200 bees- not in plastic and freeze
* report to NBU, BKA Secretary, and spray liason officer
202
A beekeeper notices hard grey/white pellets on the floor of a hive, give both the common and the scientific name of the likely causative organism.
1. Chalkbrood
2. Ascosphaera apis- fungus
203
How might the beekeeper reduce the incidence of this chalkbrood in a colony?
1. Avoid chilling
2. do not split brood
3. keep strong colonies
4. sterilize comb
5. change comb
6. re-queen
204
What are the signs of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV)?
* Trembling wings, body
* not flying, crawling up grass
* refused hive entry
* huddle on top bars
* bloated, swollen abdomens
* dysentery
* k wings
shiny and hairless bees
205
What can the beekeeper do to help control CBPV?
1. Keep up with comb changes
2. maintain apiary hygiene- clean tools between hives etc
3. do not move frames between hives
4. scorch out supers, brood boxes , all hive parts after use
5. Add space with supers, double brood
6. Remove floor to allow infected bees to fall out, clean up dead beed.
7. Consider isolating infected colonies, reduce entrances to reduce robbing.
206
Give a detailed description of the reproductive stage of the life cycle of Varroa.
1. Reproductive Stage- Female mite enters cell just prior to capping
2. hides beneath brood food and emerges after larvae eats brood food
3. establishes feeding site by piercing cuticle of bee larvae, mite larvae will also use this
4. mite feeds on haemolymph, this stimulates egg laying.
5. Mite lays first egg 60-70 hours after cell is sealed, this unfertilised egg is always male
6. mite lays further 4-5 fertilised female eggs in 24-30 hour intervals
7. eggs hatch in just under a week
8. males take approx 5.8 days to mature, females 6.6
9. males mate with female mites inside cell and die
10. female mites leave cell and enter Phoretic stage
11. mites hitch ride on young bees (less than 9 days) and look for cells to reproduce in
12. Only mature females leave cell, non mated mites remain sterile
207
Detail, with timings, how queen trapping can be used to help control the Varroa level in a colony.
1. After spring build up in a healthy hive
2. confine queen in cage on comb A
3. after nine days, move to comb b in cage
4. leave comb A in hive to collect mites
5. after another nine days, remove capped comb A
6. move queen onto comb C in cage
7. leave for nine days then remove Queen from cage,
8. remove capped comb B
9. leave comb C to be capped,
10. after nine days remove capped comb C
11. Take care to not do this too close to production of winter bees as obviously a lot of brood will be lost
208
State the time of year it would be appropriate to use this method. Queen cage trapping
Early to Mid summer in a healthy colony- before winter bee brood
209
Describe the signs which indicate the presence of European Foul Brood (EFB) in a colony and give the scientific name of the causative organism.
1. Melissococcus plutonius -bacterium
2. larvae discoloured, greyish yellow- not pearly white
3. larvae has a melted appearance
4. larvae appear slumped in cell
5. patchy brood pattern
6. larvae with visible creamy white gut
7. larvae dry to easily removed scale
8. Signs evident before capping
210
What actions must a beekeeper take if EFB is suspected in their apiary?
1. Take a photograph
2. reduce entrance
3. notify bee inspector
4. clean any equipment that has been in contact in hot soda crystal solution
211
Name the device used to confirm EFB in the apiary.
Lateral flow device
212
What are the treatment options available to an Authorised Bee Inspector if EFB is confirmed? Describe how these treatments are carried out including when they are likely to be used.
1. If less than 50% of brood is affected, and early enough in season than a shook swarm is indicated
3. set up new clean hive parts and frames/foundation QE over floor
4. find Queen and put somewhere safe
5. remove 4-6 middle frames from new hive
6. sharp shake and brush bees from frame into new hive
7. place empty frames into plastic bag so bees cannot return
8. brush remaining bees from old hive body
9. gently replace remaining frames
10. add queen
11. close up hive
12. feed heavy syrup
13. Scorching of brood boxes, burning of brood frames in a pit and destruction of bees if heavily infested or if the beekeeper prefers etc.
14. Tetracycline treatment is described but very rarely performed in the uk anymore by the bee inspectors.
213
What are the implications for the beekeeper if EFB is confirmed in their apiary?
1. A standstill on all bees, equipment and hive products
2. beekeeper issued a treatment or destruction notice
3. all clothing, tools etc to be disinfected with soda crystal solution
4. hive bodies, etc to be flamed
5. standstill remains for 6 weeks until bee inspector gives all clear
214
