Names Flashcards
Melissococcus plutonius
EFB- bacterium non-spore forming
EFB
Melissococcus plutonius
AFB
Paenibacillus larvae spore forming bacterium
Paenibacillus larvae
AFB spore forming bacterium
Sac brood
Morator aetatulas virus spores
Morator aetatulas
Sac brood virus spores
Chalk brood
Ascosphaera Apis fungal spores
Ascosphaera apis
Chalk brood fungal spores
Stone brood
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Stonebrood
Greater wax moth
Galleria mellonella
Galleria mellonella
Greater wax moth
Lesser wax moth
Achroia grisella
Achroia grisella
Lesser wax moth
Tracheal mite- acarine
Acarapis woodi
Acarapis woodi
Acarine tracheal mite
Asian hornet
Vespa velutina
Vespa velutina
Asian hornet
Aethina tumida
Small hive beetle
Small hive beetle
Aethina tumida
Tropilaelaps mite
Tropilaelaps clarae
Varroa
Varroa destructor
Varroa jacobsoni
3.1 a detailed account of the field diagnosis of American foul brood
- While performing inspection, if double colony do bottom brood first, sharp shake to inspect combs, inspect for dark, sunken, greasy cappings, perforated cappings, AFB scales by holding to wards light and scanning bottom of cells.
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cells with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker. Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
1-3 cm
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cells with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker. Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
a detailed account of the field diagnosis of European foul brood (EFB),
- While performing inspection, if double colony do bottom brood first, sharp shake to inspect combs, inspect for deformed, discoloured larvae, perforated cappings, AFB scales by holding to wards light and scanning bottom of cells.
- Look inside any abnormal sealed cels with hive tool/matchstick, probe with matchstick then discard in smoker.Before capping, larvae is slumped, creamy colour withelted appearance. May be bad smell due to secondary infections . Examine all combs, reassemble hive. Record findings
Detailed acct of Paenibacillus larvae
After capping- sealed brood
* greasy dark sunken cappings, sometimes perforated
* sealed brood is patchy – pepperpot
* larvae are light-dark brown and slimy- ropiness test with matchstick 10-30mm string, poss. bad smell
* dries to dark brown, then scale on bottom of cell (bees can’t remove). Scale will fluoresce under UVB light Sometimes proboscis remains pointing up from bottom of cell
* diagnosed by eye, or LFD
Describe Melissococcus plutonius
Early- before sealing
* larvae slumped in cell, twisted or stretched
* discoloured – creamy to yellow brown melted appearance
* dries to form scale (bees can remove)
* brood will appear patchy and erratic
* difficult to diagnose in field as easily mistaken for other diseases. Best to use LFD, then send sample for lab tests.
How to use Lateral Flow Test
To use a lateral flow test, one adds the larval sample to the buffer liquid and shakes for 20 seconds. Then 2-3 drops of this suspension are placed onto the sample window of the LFD. Blue lines at T & C marks (Test and Control) indicate a positive result. Bag up and dispose of in bin.
3.2 an account of the characteristics and life cycle of the causative organisms of Paenibacillus larvae inc development within larvae
Paenibacillus larvae- bacterium. Larvae is fed spores containing P. larvae. Spores germinate in ventriculus of larvae(rod stage, becoming bacteria), .Spores break through wall of ventriculus into haemolymph, then cell is sealed, larvae dies of septicaemia, then decomposes and dries to a scale . Bacteria revert to spore stage as they run out of food. Each scale contains millions of spores which will be transferred to other bee larvae through house bees cleaning. 10-HDA in adult bee’s madndibular glands stops spores germinating in adult bee.
an account of the characteristics and life cycle of the causative organisms of Melissococcus plutonius including their development within the larvae;
- Melissococcus plutonius- bacterium-through larval feeding, multiply in ventriculus digesting all larval food and starving bee larvae. After death, ventriculus and hindgut open passing waste and bacteria into cell. House bees clean cell and pick up bacteria to perpetuate the cycle.
a detailed account of the development of AFB within the colony
- AFB -bacteria doubles every 8 hours in larval gut
- sporulation occurs when larvae voids gut before metamorphosis
- Bacteria continue to develop in haemolymph – larvae dies of sepsis
- bacteria sporulate again in dead larvae, adult bees are infected as they try to clean up remains,
- spores get everywhere, including honey.
- House bees become nurse bees and pass on spores
- number of young bees will decline, colony will dwindle
a detailed account of the development of EFB within the colony
- EFB- infected larvae discharge gut contents into the cell
- cleaned up by house bees then transmitted to larvae through feeding
Colony dwindles
- cleaned up by house bees then transmitted to larvae through feeding
3.4 a detailed account of the ways in which AFB and EFB are spread from one colony to
another;
- robbing
- drifting
- drones visiting other colonies
- beekeeper and dirty tools
- feeding infected honey
- second hand equipment
- swarms of unknown origin
- exchange combs between colonies
- purchase of bees from doubtful source
3.5 a detailed account of the authorised treatment of colonies infected with AFB and EFB
including methods of destruction of colonies and the sterilisation of equipment;
- AFB- bees and combs must be destroyed by fire in open pit
- hive parts may be scorched, and other toools, suits washed in hot water and soda crystals
- EFB- colony may be shook swarmed
- or destroyed if depleted
an account of the features that aid recognition of the Asian Hornet
Queens 3cm long,
workers 2.5cm long
body dark brown
abdomen dark with yellow/orange 4th middle segment
legs are brown with yellow orange ends
head is black with orange
yellow face
only flies during day
an account of the features that aid recognition of Aethina tumida
Small dark brown-black beetle 5.7mm long
club shaped antennae
larvae 10mm when fully grown
three pairs of forelegs
Dorsal spines
an account of the features that aid recognition of Tropilaelaps mites
Clareae and mercedesae
reddish brown 1mm x .6mm
males slightly smaller
a detailed account of the life cycle of the Asian Hornet
Mated queens overwinter in sheltered places, sometimes in groups
Feb-May- constructs embryonic nest and produces first worker
may move to higher place to make bigger nest
May-Oct- colony can grow to 6000
July – Nov- gynes and males produced, several hundred gynes
Sept – Nov- queens and males mate
Nov-Feb-mated queens hibernate , colony dies out,
a detailed account of the life cycle of Aethina tumida
Female beetle lays up to 1000 eggs I crevices where house bees wont clean them away
eggs hatch 2-3 days into larvae that tunnel through wax to feed on bee eggs, larvae, pollen and honey
faeces cause honey to froth and ferment so bees can’t use it
at about 2 wks 10mm, larvae leave hive to pupate in soil
emerge in 3-4 weeks to enter hives
a detailed account of the life cycle of Tropilaelaps clareae mites
Adult mite enter larval cells to reproduce- pref drones
female lays 3-4 eggs 48 hrs after cell is capped, one day apart
Eggs hatch in 12 hrs
larvae feed on haemolymph of bee larvae, stunting bee growth
egg to adult takes 6 days
adults inc mother emerge with bee to look for new hosts
Short Phoeretic stage 2 days.
Mites scurry around frames. Cannot feed on adult bees.
3.8 an account of measures a beekeeper can take to minimise the effects of the presence of Asian Hornet within an apiary
- let grass grow tall in front of hives
- use solid floors
- don’t leave out frames, or extract nearby
- group hives in fives to reduce pressure on individual colonies
- remove ambush hides from around hives
- use entrance muzzle- 10mm sq mesh
- traps once hornets have found apiary
- electric harp
- reduce hive entrance to 5.5mm
3.9 a detailed account of the legislation and the statutory requirements relating to notifiable
diseases and pests and the implementation of these requirements in the United Kingdom,
- Bee Diseases and Pest Control (England) Order 2006:SI 2006 no. 342
- Notification
- If a beekeeper suspects presence of a notifiable disease or pest they must notify either NBU or submit sample to FERA lab for analysis (food and environment research agency). AFB, EFB, Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps
- Inspections
- Beek responsible for regular inspections
- NBU prefers to act with beek, but has power to enter premises to inspect
- if pest suspected
◦ Inspector issues standstill notice- no bee, equipment or hive products to be moved from apiary
◦ inspector confirms with lfd - Bee inspector sends Apiary Inspection Report B” to Fera
◦ foulbrood may contain sample
◦ pest always contains sample - Standstill remains in force until Statutory control measures have been completed and apiary has been examined and cleared- min 6 wks
- Lab examination- Fera tries to complete exam and complete report within 1 day, sends report 1st class post to bee inspector who will notify beek and explain procedure
- AFB confirmed
◦ inspector issues destruction notice to beek
◦ beek mustdestroy colony by burning bees and framescombs honey quilts in a fire pit
◦ sterilise hive bodies with blowtorch-may be reused
◦ clothing , tools etc, must be cleaned with hot soda crystal solution
◦ standstill remains in place for 6 weeks after destruction
◦ Inspector will re-inspect apiary and withdraw notice if no more signs apparent
◦ Inspector will usually follow up the following season - EFB
◦ treatment or destruction notice depending on severity
◦ depends on time of year, level of infection and colony strength
◦ Destruction if brood comb >=50% or colony infected
◦ Treatment if infection can be treated by shook swarm
◦ beekeeper can choose to destroy
▪ shook swarm- conditional licenses to remove supers, ripe honey and move colony to hospital apiary
▪ beek prepares clean hive body with fresh foundation or sterilised drawn comb
▪ Inspector carries out shook swarm
▪ old combs burnt
▪ if no flow, feed after two days winter feed
▪ follow up inspection 6wks later - Aethina tumida or Tropilaelaps
◦ England and Wales Contingency plan for exotic pests and diseases of honey bees invoked
◦ NBU will contact DEFRA and Welsh Assembly
◦ Defra will notify EU Commision
◦ NBU will set up a National Disease Control Centre at Fera lab in York to
▪ coordinate the emergency
▪ Arrange surveys to assess extent of outbreak
▪ procure and deploy necessary resources
▪ liaise with other beek associations, interested parties nationally and locally
▪ assess wider impact on pollination service to agriculture horticulture and the environment
▪ provide up to date info to stakeholders and the media
◦ Statutory Infected Area
▪ 16 km radius around infected colony- movement restrictions will apply
▪ if outbreak is isolated then all colonies in affected area and surrounding area will be destroyed. Soil 10-20m from hive will be treated if licensed products exist
▪ if outbreak is widespread appropriate control methods and vet medicines will be applied subject to Veterinary Medicines Directorate - Beek Responsibilities
◦ follow advice of bee inspector
◦ learn to recognise pests and diseases
◦ Regularly examine colonies in autumn and spring
◦ report suspected foulbrood to local bee inspector or NBU
◦ put bees on new comb/ foundation after EFB infection
◦ follow hygiene guidelines
◦ keep varroa and other diseases under control- healthy hives are better at surviving EFB
◦ Be insured
3.10 a detailed account of the statutory requirements and guidance relating to the Asian Hornet and how these are implemented in the UK;
- report sightings through app or to Non native species - take photo
- if trapped as above, do not release
- only authorised persons allowed to track
alertnonnative@ceh.ac.uk
an account of the legislation relating to the importation and export of honey bees;
- Trade in Animals and Related Products Regulations 2011- controls that apply to imports of Apis mellifera and Bombus spp from other member states and countries outside the EU TARP regs
- Bee Diseases and Pests Control (England) Order 2006- lays down the enforcement provisions for post-import controls applying to all imports of bees from outside the EU- the Order
- Commission Regulation (EU) 206/2010- lists countries outside EU from which bees may be imported, health certificate requirements and post import controls
- Commission Decision 2006/855/EC- lays down health certification requirements and post import checks for imported bee packages from New Zealand
- Council Directive 92/65/EEC (Balai Directive) lays down health certificate requirements for bees moving between EU member states
the implications of importing packages of honey bees
poss importation of pests and diseases
.13 a description of the life cycle and natural history of Varroa destructor including its
development within the honey bee colony and its spread to other colonies;
- mite invades cell prior to capping. (Prefers Drone brood)hides in brood food beneath larva. Breathes through peritremes. Larva consumes brood food in 2-3 days, releasing mite
- mite pierces cuticle of larva creating feeding site to consume haemolymph, offspring will also use this site
- Feeding stimulates egg laying, 60-70hrs after sealing cell first egg is laid unfertilised, this is always male. Further eggs are laid in 30 hour cycles, these are female, usually about 4-5 of these
- mites hatch, take 5.8males -6.6 females days to mature
- male mite mates with females, on cell opening only females and mother leave, entering Phoretic stage moving about on honey bees until they find a suitable cell
- summer- mites live 2-3 mos completing 3-4 brood cycles, but can overwinter on bees.
- Spread by riding on drifting, swarming or robbing bees, but usually by beekeepers moving frames about
3.14 a detailed account of the signs of Varroosis describing methods of detection and ways of monitoring the presence of Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies;
- mites spotted on bees – reddish brown with 6 legs and flat bodies
- poor brood pattern
- poor brood build up
- found in pink-eyed stage drone brood while uncapping
- young bees with deformed, stunted wings
- dead mites on floor
- Monitor by counting mite drop on floor of hive , mix debris in methylated spirits, mites rise to top. Count mites and divide by days monitored . Need measures if .5 in winter, 6/day in may and 33/day in august
- uncap drone brood, roughly 100. count mites. 5% is light, 25% is severe
- sugar roll 300 bees, in jar with mesh lid and icing sugar for two minutes, settle for two minutes then shake sugar into shallow dish of water over white paper. Repeat twice. Calculate mite drop according to size of hive
- alcohol wash as above, kills bees but more accurate
a detailed account of methods of treatment and control of Varroosis, including Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and an outline of the consequences of incorrect administration of chemical treatments, together with a way of determining the resistance of varroa to such treatments;
- Chemical methods -use of authorised varroacides- oxalic or lactic acid during broodless periods, trickle or vapourisation, formic acid and strips in late summer, early autumn
- treat with prescribed amount for prescribed period of time, treat as little as possible, alternate treatments
- resistant varroa will not react to varroacides
- monitor levels of varroa before and after treatment to check for resistance.
- Biotechnical methods-
◦ drone brood removal(shallow comb) removing sealed drone brood, destroying DB then replacing comb,
◦ comb trapping the queen 9 days A, then moving to new comb B, nine days later destroy comb A , move Q to comb C, nine more days remove comb B. Release Q, nine more days remove comb C.
◦ artificial swarm,-move parent colony 4 metres away, set up new one in old place with Q. Foragers will return to new hive. After 9 days remove all but 1 Q in new colony, can put qc in nursery cage so she can’t mate. After 3 weeks all brood in parent colony will have hatched. Add two bait combs of unsealed brood from new colony . Destroy once capped. Cull virgin, introduce new queen. Can then remove old q and reunite.
◦ open mesh floors – mites fall through mesh and can’t return
6 a historical account of the spread of Varroosis between countries, including the mechanisms of the spread and how beekeepers in the UK have adapted to the presence of varroa.
- Found in Devon in 1992
- spread from Asia to all continents
- beeks adapted by using IPM
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Nosema apis
Nosema apis
Microsporidian fungus, only bees
dysentery
Comb change onto clean combs/foundation
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Nosema ceranae
Nosema ceranae
Microsporidian fungus, wasps etc
dysentery
Comb change onto clean combs/foundation
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Acarapis woodii
Acarapis woodii (acarine)
Tracheal mite, passed on in hive
None visible
Possibly affected by varroacides
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of Malpighiamoeba mellificae
Malpighamoeba mellificae
Protazoan parasite
No symptoms
Spores killes by acetic acid fumigation-
a detailed account of the cause, signs and treatment (if any) of dysentery
condition- not disease
Condition- eating unripe or fermented stores
soiling comb and hive parts with faeces, weak colony
Feed warm thick syrup
Alimentary
Pharanx- mouth cavity
Oesophagus- tube through thorax connects pharanx to honey sac- passage for food in both directions
Honey stomach or crop-transparent bag at anterior end of abdomen, carries and temporarily stores nectar, honey and water
Proventriculus- one way valve can prevent nectar honey flowing into ventriculus and seperates pollen from nectar and honey
Ventriculus- true stomach for digestion, shaped for peristalsis.
Pyloric valve- anterior end of intestine, behind entry point of malpighian tubules, lined with hairs to assist aiding contents backwards
Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
Small intestine
Rectum -rectal pads
Anus
Excretory
Small intestine- formed as 6 flutes, large surface area to slow down passage of food
Rectum- can dilate to fill whole abdomen- stores waste products prior to cleansing flight
Rectal pads-remove water and salt
Anus- final outlet from alimentary canal
Malpighian tubules- aprox 100, closed at distal end, join the ventriculus at posterior end. Spread throughout abdomen, remove nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
Respiratory
Tracheae- exchange water vapour and CO2 from the spiracles, connect them to tracheal sacs
Spiracles 10, 3 thoracic, 7 abdominal. (1st thoracic for acarine)
Tracheal sacs- thin walled and flexible, act as bellows. 2 large in abdomen, smaller ones in abdomen, thorax, legs and head
Tracheoles- tubules that branch out from tracheal sacs to all parts of bees anatomy. Diffuse oxygen to blood and remove co2
life cycle of acarine
mites enter young (less than 9 days old) bee through first thoracic spiracle, then make their way to trachea. Feed by piercing cuticle in trachea creating feeding spot to feed on haemolymph. Lay 5-7 eggs in 3-4 days. Eggs hatch to 6 legged larvae after 3-4 days, then become nymphs then 8 legged adults. 11-12 for male, 14-15 for female. They mate, then female mites leave through spiracle, climb hairs on bee and catch onto another passing young bee to continue
life cycle of Nosema apis
house bees ingest spore-contaminated faeces while cleaning, spores pass through to mid-gut to germinate and infect epithelial cells in mid-gut. Nosema multiplies, feeds on and kills cell, forms new spores within 5 days. Cell breaks down releasing 30-50million spores some invade new cells, some pass out through faeces
life cycle of Malpighamoeba mellificae
amoeba with flagellum emerges from cyst inside gut of bee and moves to malpighian tubules through opening into gut. Amoeba attacks cells lining tubules and after 3-4 weeks divide and form new cysts by producing a protective coat around themselves, Cysts pass through into faeces and are expelled, where it can be picked up by house bee.
a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- chalk brood,
Chalk Brood
Ascosphaera apis- fungus
enters through brood food, grows fungal hyphae that penetrate through gut wall and grow out through cuticle. Larvae dies once cell is capped
Larvae resembles white plug with yellow shrunken head. Starts dark and fluffy, then hardens to chalky white, bees will try to remove, so often seen on floor
crumble easily when handled
pepperpot brood
Possible re-queening
do not chill frames
thymol may inhibit chalk brood fungus
3.19 a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- sacbrood virus
Virus- Morator aetatulas, enters through larval food, larvae fails at 5th moult, cuticle fails to seperate from epidermis, moulting fluid fills space, larvae dies in sac
Uncapped cells where pupa has dried to gondola or chinese slipper shape, cappings may be perforated not fully removed, contents fluid and sticky, but won’t rope. Bees shorten life span-
start foraging earlier-
don’t feed larvae-
collect little to no pollen
None- requeen as some strains more suseptible
a detailed account of the causative organisims, signs and recommended treatment of the following brood diseases:- stone brood,
Aspergillus flavus- fungus-, fumigatus attacks larvae after capping prior to pupation, capped or uncapped. Very rare
Mummies are yellow, then turn green
mummies are hard and do not crumble
fumigatus are grey green
re-queen
3.20 a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - chilled brood
All stages of brood are killed due to low temps, weak colony, pesticide, starvation etc. may be dead at periphery of nest, larvae grey then black and shiny, black scale easily removed
Do not expose to low temps- always fault of beek, keep colonies strong
a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - bald brood
Wax moth tunnels exposing brood, or genetic where some just don’t get capped wax moth faeces
bees emerge deformed from
cells
Strong colony should repel wax moth , otherwise if genetic bees will emerge properly
3.20 a detailed account of the signs and any recommended treatment of the following conditions - neglected drone brood;
Drone laying queen or laying workers, colony is small, produces stunted drones, all brood is drone,
Colony past hope, destroy
a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Acarine mite,
Sample of 30 flying bees within 2/3 days of testing,
kill by freezing,
bee is laid back and pinned to block between 2nd and 3rd pair of legs
remove head and first pair of legs with forceps
reveal collar,
peel off collar, this reveals trachea. Need dissecting microscope 10x-20x. Healthy trachea are creamy colour . Remove trachea with dissecting needle , put on slide under compound microscope with 40x-600x. All forms easily seen
3.20 a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Nosema spores
Abdomens of acarine samples are crushed with few drops of water into a paste.
Small drop is put on slide and covered with cover slip . Compound microscope between 400-1000x. Nosema spores are rice shaped with double nucleus
5-8 micrometres long 2-3 wide
3.20 a detailed account of the laboratory methods of identification of Amoeba infestations in worker honey bees including the rationale for sample
sizes employed;
Abdomens of acarine samples are crushed with few drops of water into a paste. Small drop is put on slide and covered with cover slip . Compound microscope between 400-1000x.
6-10 micrometres but spherical
the rationale for sample
sizes employed;
Reasoning for sample size is with sample of 30, there is 95% probability that the sample of bees is proportional to the colony, so if any of the above are present they will be represented in the sample
3.21 a detailed description of the fumigation of comb using ethanoic acid (acetic acid), including safety precautions to be taken;
- wear gloves, safety glasses mask or respirator and overalls as acid will burn skin and clothing and is harmful if inhaled
- stack solid floor, then brood body or super full of frames
- place an acid-proof dish with absorbent pad and 140 ml acetic acid on top of frames.
- Continue stacking hive bodies and acid as above.
- Top off with crown board, seal edges or place stack in large plastic bag
- fumigate for at least a week, ventilate combs for a week before use.
- Acid will damage concrete and any metal runners or hive parts, so cover with petroleum jelly
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include shook swarm
- Shook swarm- move hive to one side
- set up new hive in old place with QE between floor and body
- remove middle four frames, put to one side
- find Q and keep safe
- take each frame and sharp shake all bees into space in new box, brush any stragglers
- put old frames in a bag so bees cannot go back on them
- brush out any bees in old box
- replace queen, add four frames back in, wait for them to settle
- replace crownboard and feed heavy syrup
Remove bottom qe after 7 days
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include Bailey comb change for a healthy colony
- remove crownboard and replace with QE, and eke with entrance facing back,
place new bb on top with frames of new foundation, place QE below any supers- may need to feed heavy syrup depending on nectar flow
- workers will draw out comb. Once 2-3 combs are drawn find Q and place in centre of new box on drawn comb.
- Reassemble hive but turn lower entrance towards back
- remove any frames in lower box not containing brood, close up hive
- after four days check lower bb for qc-remove. Q lays up top and all brood hatches out below *approx 3 weeks
- once brood is hatched, remove bottom box, rebuild hive with clean floor as normal
- burn diseased frames
3.22 a detailed description of procedures by which a colony can be transferred onto clean comb including any precautions that need to be taken and the circumstances which merit such procedures. These procedures to include Bailey comb change for a weak colony;
Remove all non brood frames and dummy down
- remove crownboard and replace with QE, and eke with entrance place new bb on top with frames of clean drawn comb dummy down to match below.
- Will need to feed heavy syrup depending on nectar flow
- . find Q and place in centre of new box on old frame .
- Reassemble hive to match below
- remove any frames in lower box not containing brood, close up hive
- after four days check lower bb for qc-remove. Q lays up top and all brood hatches out below *approx 3 weeks
- once brood is hatched, remove bottom box, rebuild hive with clean floor as normal
- burn diseased frames
- for a weak colony- use clean drawn comb, dummy down the frames
a description of the effects of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus Type 1
a description of the effects of chronic bee paralysis virus Trembling wings and body, crawl on ground and up plant stems, huddle on top bars, non-reactive to smoke, bloated abdomen, dysentery, k-wings, death
associated with varroa and acarine
a description of the effects of chronic bee paralysis virus
Trembling, not flying, refused entry to hive, broad abdomen, nibbled by other bees, hairless shiny, deaths
associated with varroa and acarine
.23 a description of the effects of acute bee paralysis virus,
Weak colony, dead bees, trembling bees, uncoordinated, partly or completely hairless, dark upper thorax, greasy oily older bees, younger bees slightly opaque, decline within days
varroa
a description of the effects of Black queen cell virus
Queen cells turn black, pupa is yellow, tough skin resembling sacbrood
nosema
a description of the effects of Sacbrood
Morator aetatulas
Moult to pupa fails, sac fills with fluid, resembles chinese slipper/gondola shape, dies, gives short rope, adult bees infected while cleaning cells, they have shorter life, become foragers earlier, don’t collect pollen, don’t feed larvae, colony can dwindle easily removed scale
varroa
a description of the effects of Deformed wing Virus
Stubby useless wings, cannot fly, short round abdomens, reduced lifespan -less than 48 hrs, usually expelled from hive, can be dis- coulored, can be paralysed
Varroa, tropilaelaps
a description of the effects of Slow Paralysis Virus
Later season collapse
Varroa
Filamentous virus
Milky haemolymph, multiplies in fat bodies and ovarian tissue of workers
Nosema
Virus Y
Adult bees in early summer-no signs
Nosema
Virus X
Colonies die in late winter
Amoeba(Malpighamoeba mellificae
Cloudy Wing Virus
Wings go cloudy, death, airborne, affects trachea
none assoc
an outline account of the life cycle of Braula coeca, its effect on the colony
- eggs laid in honey under the cappings or on cell walls
- larvae tunnel through cappings feeding on honey and pollen
- larvae pupate in tunnels and emerge as adults
- egg to adult 21 days
- sits near mouthparts of bee and feeds from there, does not harm bee, prefers Q, possibly may overwhelm Q , impeeding egg laying and causing supercedure
