Names Flashcards
Amygdala activation to emotive faces and pictures
Hariri et al 2002
Amygdala activates greater to unpredictable sounds
Herry et al 2007
VMPFC activates during conscious emotion regulation
Yang et al 2020
VMPFC activates when updating safety threats
Etkin et al 2011
VMPFC damage causes an hyperactive amygdala
Matzin et al 2015
Low serotonin in the VMPFC causes impulsivity and aggression
Frankle et al 2005
Similar seen in monkeys, risk taking behaviour could result in death
Higley et al 1996
Newborns imitate the faces of others
Field et al
Similar facial expressions in blind and seeing athletes
Willingham et al 2009
Same facial expressions across cultures
Ekmen and Friesen 1971
Facial expressions learnt through observation
Olsson and Phelps 2007
Infants cry less in front of peers than caregivers
Zemen and Garber 1996
Different cultures express negative emotions less than others
Friesen 1972
Emotion starts on the left hand side
Sackheim and Gur 1978
Amygdala matures quicker than the VMPFC
Gogtay et al 2004
White matter thins between the Amygdala and VMPFC with age
Westlye et al 2010
Microexpressions
Ekmen 1985
Measure microexpressions via electromyography
Cacioppo et al 1986
Amygdala activates most to negative, ambiguous then positive surprise
Kim et al
Feel emotions easier if muscles are engaged
Rutlidge and Hupke 1985
Feel emotion easier if irrelevant muscles are disengaged
Lewis and Bowler 2009
Lesions to the Amygdala mean you can give facial expressions but not recognise them
Adolphs et al 2004
Focus on different areas on the face
Spezzio et al 2007
Right Frontal Cortex = emotion in voice
Both Frontal Cortex = word meaning
George et al 1996
Auditory and Parietal cortex are activated when listening to emotive music
Koelsch et al 2018
If emotion is unknown, give the emotion which is stronger on the left
Strauss and Moscovitch et al 1981
Unilateral damage to the visual cortex of the brain still allows participants to give the correct expression on the blind side
Tamietto et al 2009
High concordance rate of Epilepsy
Berkovic et al 1998
Spatial orientation is lower in AD patients
Monacelli et al 2003
More atrophy in hippocampus parietal lobe in AD patients
Delpolyi et al 2007
AD = errors in scenes
D = errors in faces
Lee et al 2006
Drugs decreasing Amyloid B reduces the risk of Dementia
Van Dyck et al 2023
S struggles to reverse learn
Waltz and Gold 2007
33.4% CR for schizophrenia if both parents had it, 66.1% if Schizoid Personality was accounted for
Heston 1970
Season of birth, higher likelihood in Feb-May
Kendell and Adams
21% experienced the Flu vs 9% in controls
Brown et al 2004
0.4% incidence rate
Sana et al
Correlation for season of birth
Takei et al 1996
Cannabis has strong links to first psychosis episode
Barrett et al 2007
Causal link to cannabis. Heaviest users = 4 fold increase
Marconi et al 2016
Higher response to dopamine agonists
Laurelle et al 1996
Less dopamine in the dorsolateral PFC causes hypofrontalility
MacDonald et al 2005
D = 94/1000
BP = 6/1000
Weissman et al 1996
D = 44.1 v 20.2
BP = 40 v 5.4
McGuffin et al 2003
Evidence for tryptophan depletion
Delgado et al 1990
Hallucinations = 70% Auditory, 25% visual, 10% other
Mueser et al 1990
Mutation of DISC1 for S, links to mitochondria
Wang et al 2010
Living in the city increases risk of S
Pedersen et al 2001
Living with maternal smoking increases risk of S
Zammit et al 2009
Lithium can stop manic phases
Gerbino et al 1978
9% of the close family members had Panic Disorder vs 3% of controls
Fyer et al 1996
PD risk increases 4-5 times if diagnosis is in the family
Hatoyama et al 2001
Harder to extinguish a phobic response than a neutral one
Ohman et al 1975
PD patients reported more feelings of panic in carbon dioxide challenges
Rapee et al 1992
fMRI found more right amygdala activation
Phelps et al 2004
BDNF variation
Soliman et al 2010
Rats like electrical brain stimulation
Ols and Milner 1954
Ventral Segmental Area -> Mesolimbic pathway -> nucleus acumbens
Wise 1996
Haloperidol (dopamine antagonist) reduces the reward of smoking
Brauer et al 1981
Nicotine and 2nd stimulant = full control
Goldberg et al 1981
Alcohol prefering rats startle easier, but this is neutralised by supplying alcohol
Jones et al 2000
Injecting 2DG into the heptic portal system increases food intake and decreases time between wanting and eating food
Vanderweele and Rezel
Less anti-inflamatory bacteria in Depressed patients
Nikolova 2021
Able to predict flashes of light when shown a visual cue
Glautier et al 2013
HM could be conditioned
Woodruf-Pak
Conditioned response and learning can be suppressed by putting a cold probe into the cerebellum
Clarke and Squire 1992
Demonstrated associative learning in dogs
Rescorla 1966
Sleep = synchronised, long waves
Awake = desynchronied, small and chaotic waves
Guillaume et al 2022
Sleep spindles occur in stage 1-4 to help disconnect the brain
Steriade 1992
K Complexes occur only in Stage 2, triggered by sound
Niiyama et al 1996
Number of spindles and K cortexes links to consolidation of memory
Fogel and Smith 2011
Possible mechanism of neural inhibition
Cash 2009
PFC activates more in Lucid Dreaming
Voss et al 2014
Sleep deprivation = harder to do tasks which require attention and vigilance
Lim and Dinges 2010
Inflammation and Oxidative stress
Xie et al 2013
Naps helped remember declarative tasks
Tucker et al 2006
SWS and REM helped non-declarative tasks memory
Mednick et al 2003
Staying awake decrease glycogen and increases adenosine
Kang et al 2002
Adenosine = cognitive deficits? Sleep deprivation and symptoms of caffeine blocks
Basheer et al 2004
Mice with lower adenosine slept less SWS
Halassa et al 2009
Recessive genes for slower breakdown of adenosine causes more SWS
Retey et al 2005
Acetylcholine causes arousal, increase in REM
Steriade 1996
Sleep and wakefulness are connected with inhibitory GABA
Saper 2001
Orexin helps flip flop between awake and sleep, hunger activates it
Sakurai et al 2007
CBT for insomnia
Uyumaz et al 2021
Narcolepsy patients have shorter and more fragmented sleep
Rogers et al 1994
Ritalin is a cateanolamine agonist for Narcolepsy
Ygontzas and Kales 1999
Modafil for Narcolepsy
Niskino 2007
Two Process Model
- Sleep pressure and Circodian
Borbely 1980s
Depression = insomnia, low Circodian Melatonin, low Frontal Cortex, Mood deficits
Chellappa et al 2018
Sleep loss amplifies activity in the Limbic System and decreases activity in the PFC for aversive stimuli
Simons et al 2020
