Name the mechanism and/or the reagents - Aliphatic

Question 1

Answer 1

Addition (followed by hydrolysis)

H₂SO₄ and then water and warm

Question 2

Answer 2

Reduction

LiAlH₄ in dry ether

OR

H₂(g) Ni Catalyst

Question 2

Answer 2

H₂(g) Nickel catalyst 150°C 5atm pressure

Question 2

Answer 2

nucleophilic addition

acidified KCN(aq)

Question 3

Answer 3

Free radical substitution

Cl₂ and UV

Question 3

Answer 3

nucleophilic addition

acidified KCN(aq)

Question 4

Answer 4

Oxidation

acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and reflux

Question 5

Answer 5

Elimination

Hot concentrated KOH in ethanol

Question 5

Protein → amino acids

Answer 5

Hydrolysis

Heat with 6 M hydrochloric acid for about 24 hours at 110°C.

Question 5

Answer 5

nucleophilic substitutuion

Warm KOH(aq)

Question 6

Answer 6

Polymerisation

Lots of condition!

Question 7

Answer 7

Elimination (sometimes called dehydration)

H₂SO₄ Catalyst 180°C

Question 8

How do you make biodiesel from an oil or fat?

Answer 8

methanol and NaOH catalyst

Question 9

Answer 9

hydrolysis

reflux with H₂SO₄ catalyst

also makes acid as product

Question 9

Answer 9

Electrophilic addition

H₂SO₄ then H₂O and warm

Question 10

Answer 10

Esterification

conc sulphuric acid catalyst with CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

Note: has to be the exact structure rather than C₃H₇OH

Question 11

Answer 11

Elimination

hot, concentrated KOH in ethanol

Question 13

Answer 13

Nucleophilic substitution

excess ammonia

Remember: further substitutions possible so to make primary amine ammonia must be in excess!

Question 14

Answer 14

Hydrolysis

Reflux with H⁺

Note: also produces the alcohol

Question 15

Answer 15

esterification

add CH₃CH₂COOH and conc H₂SO₄ catalyst

Note: got to be unambiguous structure for acid

Question 16

Answer 16

Nucleophilic substitution

NaOH(aq) reflux

Question 17

Answer 17

Nucleophilic substitution

ammonia, Excess haloalkane

Remember that primary, secondary and teritary amines are also formed!

Question 17

Answer 17

Elimination (dehydration)

reflux with concentrated H₂SO₄

Note you can also use conc phosphoric acid H₃PO₄

Question 19

Answer 19

Oxidation

acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and reflux

Question 21

Answer 21

Electrophilic Addition

HCl (aq)

Question 23

Answer 23

Cracking

heat and zeolite catalyst (or porous pot catalyst in the lab)

Question 24

Answer 24

Reduction

NaBH₄ and reflux

OR

LiAlH₄ in dry ether and reflux

Question 26

Answer 26

Oxidation

acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and reflux

Question 27

Answer 27

ester hydrolysis (sometimes saponification)

reflux with NaOH(aq)

Question 29

Answer 29

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

Add water

Note: lots of thick white fumes of HCl, very fast reaction!

Question 30

Answer 30

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Add NH₃

Question 30

Answer 30

Acid hydrolysis

reflux with a dilute acid, e.g. HCl (aq)

Question 31

Answer 31

Oxidation

acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and distill

Question 33

Answer 33

Nucleophilic substitution

KCN in ethanol, reflux

Question 34

Answer 34

Addition (followed by hydrolysis)

H₂SO₄ and then water and warm

Question 36

Answer 36

Reduction

NaBH₄

Question 37

Answer 37

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

add CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

Question 38

Answer 38

electrophilic addition

HCl (aq)

Question 39

Answer 39

Nucleophilic Addition-elimination

CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂ in this case

Note: spotting the right amine will make the formation of the amide slightly trickier