Name Reactions Flashcards
Sandmeyer Reaction:
The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction which is used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. This reaction is a method for substitution of an aromatic amino group by preparing diazonium salt, that is followed by its displacement and copper salts often catalyze it.
The Br, Cl and CN– nucleophiles can be easily present in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Copper ion.
Gattermann Reaction:
Bromine and Chlorine can be substituted in the benzene ring by preparing the benzene diazonium salt solution with similar halogen acid present with copper powder. This is the Gattermann Reaction.
Balz-Schiemann Reaction:
When arene-diazonium chloride is prepared with fluoroboric acid, arene diazonium fluoroborate is precipitated and decomposes to yield aryl fluoride on heating.
Finkelstein Reaction:
In the Finkelstein Reaction, Alkyl iodides are prepared easily by the reaction of alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone.
Swarts Reaction:
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic fluoride like AgF, Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2, we get alkyl fluorides.
Wurtz Reaction:
When Alkyl halides react with sodium with dry ether, we get hydrocarbons that include the double number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl halide. This is known as the Wurtz Reaction
Wurtz-Fittig Reaction:
When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated with sodium in dry ether, we get an alkyl arene.
Fittig Reaction:
Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analogous compounds where two aryl groups joined.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction:
Benzene is prepared with an alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to give Alkylbenzene.
Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction:
We get acyl benzene when an acyl halide is reacted with benzene in the presence of Lewis acids.
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:
When preparing phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, -CHO group is present at the ortho position of the benzene ring, which results into salicylaldehyde” should be replaced with “When phenol is treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, -CHO group is introduced at the ortho position of the benzene ring, which results into the formation of salicylaldehyde.
Kolbe’s Reaction:
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide which then reacts with carbon dioxide in acidic medium to give 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicylic acid).
Rosenmund Reduction:
Rosenmund reduction is a reaction where acid chlorides are converted into aldehydes by employing hydrogen gas over palladium poisoned by barium sulfate.
Stephen reaction:
Nitriles with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid are reduced to the corresponding imine and give the corresponding aldehyde after hydrolysis.
Etard reaction:
Chromyl chloride oxidizes methyl group present in toluene to get chromium complex which on hydrolysis provides corresponding benzaldehyde
Gatterman – Koch reaction:
Benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to give benzaldehyde.
Clemmensen Reduction:
In Clemmensen reduction, Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid reduced to CH2 group.
Wolff Kishner Reduction:
Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on treatment with hydrazine which on heating with sodium hydroxide in a high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol) reduced to CH2 group.
Tollens’ test:
Heating an aldehyde with fresh prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution produces a bright silver mirror due to the formation of silver metal.
Fehling’s test:
Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulfate) and Fehling solution B (alkaline sodium potassium tartrate) are mixed in equal amounts before the test. A reddish brown precipitate is obtained when an aldehyde is heated with Fehling’s reagent.
Aldol reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as the catalyst to produce β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-hydroxy ketones.
Aldol condensation:
Aldol and Ketol lose water to provide α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products.
Cross aldol condensation:
Aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and ketones. It gives a mixture of four products if both of them include α-hydrogen atoms.
Cannizzaro reaction:
Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation and reduction reaction when treated with concentrated alkali.
