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ID SubI > Najeeb HIV > Flashcards

Najeeb HIV Flashcards

1
Q

HIV-Related severe impairment of the immune system clinically translates to

A

Opportunistic Infections
Secondary Neoplasms
Neurological Dysfunction

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2
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

RNA Retrovirus

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3
Q

In the biological world, where is most genetic information normally housed?

A

DNA (Not true for HIV)

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4
Q

Normal pathway for expressing genetic information

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA is translated to Protein

Protein is either Structural or Functional

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5
Q

Pathway for expressing HIV’s genetic information

A

RNA is reverse-transcribed to DNA
DNA is transcribed to mRNA and Genomic RNA
mRNA is translated into protein
Protein packages the Genomic RNA into a new virus

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6
Q

What helps HIV RNA turn into DNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

The virus carries its own native form, not using the host’s Reverse Transcriptase

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7
Q

HIV Viral Structure (Outside to Inside)

A 
Lipid Bilayer (Envelope)
Matrix Proteins (to stabilize envelope protein)
Protein (Capsid)
2 identical (not complimentary) copies of RNA
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8
Q

Where does HIV get its envelope?

A

Host cell plasma membrane

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9
Q

gp41

A

Transmembrane docking protein in the virus envelope.
Starts as a pedestal for gp120 to sit on (forming gp160), when seeking out a CD4+ cell.
Once gp120 has interacted with CD4 and the appropriate co-receptor, gp41 serves as a fusion molecule, connecting the viral envelope with the host plasma membrane.

Ultimately a fusion molecule.

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10
Q

gp120

A

Protein that binds to gp41 on virus envelope and likes to interact with CD4 on host cell.

Together with gp41, they form gp160

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11
Q

What type of cell does gp160 like to attach to?

A

CD4+

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12
Q

CD4+ Cells

A 
T-Helper Cells
Monocytes
Macrophages
Microglia
Langerhans Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells
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13
Q

Macrophages in the CNS

A

Microglia (Also CD4+)

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14
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Dendritic cells under the skin (CD4+)

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15
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells

A

Dendritic cells in the follicles of lymph nodes

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16
Q

Primary Attachment

A

gp120 (sitting atop gp41 on the virus envelope) interacts with CD4

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17
Q

CCR5

A

Chemokine Receptor

Present on Macrophages, serves as a coreceptor for gp120’s new active sites (when activated by CD4)

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18
Q

CXCR4

A

Chemokine Receptor

Present on Helper T Cells, serves as a coreceptor for gp120’s new active sites (when activated by CD4)

19
Q

When HIV first enters the body naturally, what is its favorite attachment coreceptor with CD4?

A

CCR5 (Macrophages)

After several generations of replication, it gains the ability to interact with CXCR4 (Helper T Cells).

20
Q

What makes someone an elite controller?

A

Homozygous mutation in CCR5
Northern europeans

A heterozygous mutation just has slow replication of virus.

21
Q

CCR5 Antagonist

A

Maraviroc

Inhibits attachment

22
Q

Why can’t we make a vaccine for HIV yet?

A

Genetic Variation

gp120 keeps mutating different antigens in its “hypervariable region,” so our antibodies can’t recognize it

23
Q

What part of HIV does your body make antibodies against?

A

gp120
These antibodies neutralize the virus.

But then gp120 mutates, and the Ab doesn’t work.
We make new antibodies to the new gp120.

24
Q

gp41 Inhibitor

A

Enfuvirtide

Inhibits fusion

25
Q

Envelope Proteins

A

gp41

gp120

26
Q

Gene expressing envelope proteins

A

ENV gene

Expresses gp41 & gp120

27
Q

p17

A

Matrix proteins

Inside envelope, stabilizes gp41 & gp120

28
Q

Shape of HIV Capsid

A

Icosahedral

29
Q

p24

A

Capsid Protein

30
Q

What good do p24 Ab do?

A

Nothing! They can’t reach their antigen because it’s always within cells or the viral envelope

p24 Ab is detectable after a few weeks, and may be followed up by ELISA or Western Blot

31
Q

p24 Ag

A

Serological marker of infection, protein from the capsid

32
Q

What kind of RNA is contained in HIV?

A

Positive Sense

Dimerized identical copies

33
Q

What kind of enzymes are contained in HIV?

A 
Reverse Transcriptase (to generate DNA)
Integrase (to integrate DNA into host genome)
Protease (to cleave proteins into appropriate functional subunits)
34
Q

Most Common HIV Virus

A

HIV-1

Global

35
Q

Least Common HIV Virus

A

HIV-2

Most common in West Africa

36
Q

P7

A

Nucleocapsid protein in HIV

37
Q

Secondary Attachment

A

gp120 undergoes a conformational change, exposing 2 more active sites that interact with CCR5 (Macrophages) or CXCR4 (Helper T Cells) on host

38
Q

Domains of Reverse Transcriptase

A

RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase (makes complimentary DNA strand)

RNAase H (destroys template RNA strand)

39
Q

Mechanism of NRTIs

A

Nucleotide/Nucleoside analog gets inserted in the process of reverse transcription, but does non contain a hydroxyl tail, so nascent chain can not continue, and is truncated.

40
Q

NRTIs

A 
Tenofovir
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Zidovidune
Didenosine
Abacavir
Entecavir
41
Q

Mechanism of NNRTIs

A

Binds to RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase domain of Reverse Transcriptase, and prevents reverse transcription from taking place

42
Q

NNRTIs

A

Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Rilpivirine

43
Q

Integrase Inhibitors

A

Raltegravir
Dolutegravir
Elvitegravir

44
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Ritonavir
Lopinavir
Atazanavir
Darunavir

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