Nagelhout chpt 29

Question 1

first step- organization

Answer 1

this is a bit of review and basics

Question 2

The central nervous system consists of?

Answer 2

the brain and spinal cord

….. wanted to start this off niiiiiiiice and easy

Question 3

The peripheral nervous system consists of?

Answer 3

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their receptors

somatic and autonomic

Question 4

Two primary cell types for the CNS?

Answer 4

neurons and glial (neuroglial)

Question 5

Neurons are classified as (4)

Answer 5

Unipolar, bipolar, psudounipolar, and multipolar

Question 6

Where are unipolar neurons found?

Answer 6

Only in lower invertebrates

Question 7

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Answer 7

retina, ear, and olfactory mucosa

Question 8

Where are psudounipolar neurons found?

Answer 8

dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglion cells

enables sensory impulses to travel from the dendrite directly o the axon without passion through the cell body

Question 9

What about Multipolar neurons?

Answer 9

constitute the majority of the CNS neurons.

they have multiple dendritic processes but only ONE axon.

Question 10

What is the gray matter of the CNS composed of?

Answer 10

neuron cell bodis

Question 11

What is the white matter of the CNS composed of?

Answer 11

myelinated axons

Question 12

Neurons are classified into their specific functions. Name them (3)

Answer 12

motor, sensory, and interneurons.

Question 13

Motor neurons are what type, and do what?

Answer 13

multipolar and innervate and control effector tissues like the muscles and glands

Question 14

Sensory neurons are what type and do what?

Answer 14

Psuedounipolar and receive exteroceptive, interoceptive, or proprioceptive input

Question 15

Interneurons are what type and do what?

Answer 15

psuedounipolar and connect adjacent neurons.

Question 16

Neuron membranes….. what is it made from? and is it hydrophilic or phobic?

Answer 16

bilaminar lipoprotein made from phospholipids

inner hydrophobic membrane and the membrane in contact with the ECF is polar hydrophilic

Question 17

glial cells…. what are the four types?

Answer 17

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial and ependymal

Question 18

how are glial cells different?

Answer 18

smaller, outnumber the neuron cells, and lack both the dendritic and axonal processes

Question 19

As a whole what is the role of the glial cell?

Answer 19

maintenance of proper ionic environment, modulation of nerve cell electrical conduction, control of reuptake of neurotransmitters, and repair after neuronal injury

Question 20

Astrocytes- what are they responsible for?

Answer 20

Predominant cell
Provide structural neuronal support, group and pair neurons and nerve terminals, regulate the metabolic environment, and are active in repair after injury.

Question 21

2 types of astrocytes….

Answer 21

fibrous found in white matter

protoplasmic found in gray matter.

Question 22

What important barrier is the astrocyte responsible for?

Answer 22

The contact of the cerebral endothelium by astrocytes is believed to be essential to the development of the blood brain barrier.

Question 23

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 23

form the myelin sheath of axons in brain and spinal cord, and are capable of myelenating more that one axon.

Question 24

down side to the oligodendrocyte?

Answer 24

cannot regenerate after injury :(

Question 25

Why is myelin so important?

Answer 25

myelin increases velocity without increases size of an axon. without it we would be just giant axons….

Question 26

Schwann cells… don’t forget about them….

Answer 26

modified glial cells that myelin ate the PNS. Can only myelin ate ONE axon.

Question 27

What is a node of Ranvier?

Answer 27

site of electrical impulse propagation

Question 28

What is Saltatory conduction?

Answer 28

how impulses travel from one node of ranvier to another.

Question 29

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Answer 29

distal degeneration of axon after peripheral nerve injury

Question 30

What do schwann cells do in the case of peripheral nerve injury?

Answer 30

Within one week of initial injury, schwann cells proliferate to for a tube (like scaffolding) to direct axon regeneration.

Question 31

What are microglial cells responsible for?

Answer 31

they proliferate and become large macrophages to phagocytize neuronal debris.

Question 32

What are ependymal cells responsible for?

Answer 32

line the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain and the central spinal canal. the for the cuboidal epithelium (the choroid plexus) which secretes our CSF.