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Bot Med 3 > Nagel review > Flashcards

Nagel review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of native extracts:

A 
Complex fractions
* fresh extracts
* liquid extracts of dry plants
* solid extracts
Simplified fractions (standardized to a ratio) 
Isolated constituents (drug salts, Rx)
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2
Q

Examples of a fresh extract?

A

juice (fresh, bottled, freeze-dried)
green tincture
mother tincture

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3
Q

Examples of a liquid extract?

A 
decoction
infusion
hydroalcoholic (tincture - 1:2 to 1:10)
spagyric
fluid extract 1:1
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4
Q

Characteristics of a solid extract?

A

standardized and concentrated
original solvent removed
2:1 or higher

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5
Q

According to Dr. Brinker, herbs processed the least have the (most/least) side effects and are the (most/least) complex.

A

least side effects
most complex

thus, more process => more side effects, less complex

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6
Q

In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the Director?

A

Activator or harmonizer

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7
Q

In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the Lead actor? Supporting actor?

A

lead - primary medicinal herb

supporting - supporting herb (also behind the scenes)

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8
Q

In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the screenwriter? Producer?

A

screenwriter - overall concept

producer - form of herbal product

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9
Q

What factors might play a role in tincture incompatibility?

A 
solubility
miscibility
polarity
pH
precipitation
temperature
solvent used
solvent %
botanical matrix
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10
Q

T/F: Alkaloids are more soluble at alkaline pH.

A

false

soluble at acid pH
precipitate in alkaline, tannic, or salicylates

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11
Q 
Arrange in order of polarity (least to most)
glycerine
fixed oils
ethanol
water
A

fixed oils -> ethanol -> glycerine -> water

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12
Q

Tinctures are made using the (weight/volume) of herb and the (weight/volume) of menstruum.

A

weight of herb

volume of menstruum

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13
Q

Menstruum % for variable solubilities of constituents:

A
  • 85-95%: resins, EOs
  • 75-95%: alkaloids
  • 60-85%: glycosides, tannins
  • 45%: when in doubt
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14
Q

Maceration:

A

to soak, fresh or dried, more common; slow

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15
Q

Percolation:

A

slow passing thru powdered herb; fast

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16
Q

Alcohol - advantages and disadvantages:

A

A: natural source, min 25% to preserve, best preservative and sanitizer, best solvent for 2nd plant constituents, Peripheral circulatory action, minimal processing, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile

D: taste, high glycemic index, safety (kids, alcoholics, etc), Compliance issues, cost issues

17
Q

Glycerine - advantages and disadvantages:

A

A: fair solvent, good preservative, low glycemic index, sweet taste

D: unnatural/fat saponification; need 65% to stabilize; diarrhea in 1-2 oz

18
Q

United Plant Savers considers these herbs “at risk”.

A

o American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
o Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
o Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
o Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
o Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
o Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
o False Unicorn Root - Chamaelirium luteum
o Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
o Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
o Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum (debatable)
o Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
o Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
o Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
o Sundew - Drosera spp.
o Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
o True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
o Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
o Virginia Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
o Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.

19
Q

Effects of hepatic fructose metabolism:

A

HTN
lipogenesis
dyslipidemia
hepatic steatosis

20
Q

Cardiotonic herbs are:

A

herbs that have a beneficial action on the heart and blood vessels but do not contain cardiac glycosides.

21
Q

Cardiotonic herbs:

A

Crataegus
Tilia
Allium sativum
Leonurus

22
Q

A circulatory stimulant is:

A

a substance that improves blood flow through body tissues and is generally warming.

23
Q

Circulatory stimulating herbs:

A

Capsicum
Rosmarinus
Zingiber

24
Q

A peripheral vasodilator is:

A

A substance that dilates or widens peripheral blood vessels and improves circulation.

25
Q

Peripheral vasodilating herbs:

A

Crataegus
Tilia
Ginkgo

26
Q

A hypotensive is:

A

a substance that reduces blood pressure

27
Q

Hypotensive herbs:

A

Crataegus
Rauwolfia
Coleus
Viscum (mistletoe family)

28
Q

Commonly used herbs for lipid disorders:

A 
allium sativum
allium cepa
commiphora mukul
cynara scolymus
trigonella
monascus purpureus (red yeast rice)
glycine max (soybean)
29
Q

What herb works like a statin?

A

monascus purpureus

30
Q

What herbs might is contraindicated in pts on blood thinners?

A

trigonella (fenugreek) - contains coumarins

31
Q

Commonly used herbs for hypertension:

A 
cardiotonics:
* crataegus
* tilia
* ginkgo
* allium sativum
* ocimum sanctum
* olive leaf
* melissa
* leonurus
* beta vulgaris root
low dose:
* rauwolfia
* veratrum viride
* gelsemium
* viscum album
32
Q

Herbal diuretics:

A 
apium graviolens (celery - 7 stalks/day)
petroselinum (parsley)
taraxacum
urtica dioica
solidago
uva-ursi
equisetum
galium aparine (cleavers)
juniperus
33
Q

What actions make beets (beta vulgaris) useful in HTN?

A
  • powerful nitric oxide stimulator: acute hypotensive, vasoprotective, anti-platelet
  • bioconversion (lingual bacteria) nitrate → nitrite
  • useful in degen heart dz
34
Q

The genius of Crataegus:

A

o opens doorway btw heart and spirit (to underworld)
o frounding, opening
o loss of vision, stuck in a mundane world
o profound strength
o openness and giving
o doorway to light from darkness
o balance of opposites
o compassion, strength, flexibility and stuckness

35
Q

What’s the dosing of Rauwolfia?

A
  • Whole root: 2 mg QD - BID
  • Reserpine: 0.1 - 0.3 mg BID - TID
  • Tincture: 0.1 mg reserpine per 4 - 8 gtts BID
36
Q

Describe the toxicity and indications of Rauwolfia:

A
  • Toxicity: best hypotensive with fewest side effects
  • Sm-med doses: diarrhea, nasal congestion, drowsy, bradycardia
  • Lg doses: for psychosis → PD tremor sxs (reversible)
  • Avoid CNS depressants, anti-epileptics
  • Possible correlation with Breast Cancer
  • Drug interactions: digitoxin, beta-blockers, levodopa
  • Reserpine CI: hypersensitivity, depression, PUD, UC, electroconvulsive tx
37
Q

Compare European, Western, and Drop (homeopathic) dosing:

A

European: focus on pharmacological amt of constituent, lg amt - 5mL TID.
Western: Moderate amt of medicine - 30-60 gtts.
Drop (homeopathic): focus on energetic match, small amt of medicine, 1-5 gtts.

38
Q

Naturopathic concerns with using toxic botanicals:

A

Liability of prescribing toxics
**dosing and potency of the product - Drops of water (minim) vs tincture
Highest quality is important; choose suppliers carefully
Ask for assayed levels of constituents (vs standardized)
potential interactions with compounding
Don’t make yourself!
Consider homeopathic or Rx as alternative

Bot Med 3 (1 decks)

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