Nagel review Flashcards
Types of native extracts:
Complex fractions * fresh extracts * liquid extracts of dry plants * solid extracts Simplified fractions (standardized to a ratio) Isolated constituents (drug salts, Rx)
Examples of a fresh extract?
juice (fresh, bottled, freeze-dried)
green tincture
mother tincture
Examples of a liquid extract?
decoction infusion hydroalcoholic (tincture - 1:2 to 1:10) spagyric fluid extract 1:1
Characteristics of a solid extract?
standardized and concentrated
original solvent removed
2:1 or higher
According to Dr. Brinker, herbs processed the least have the (most/least) side effects and are the (most/least) complex.
least side effects
most complex
thus, more process => more side effects, less complex
In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the Director?
Activator or harmonizer
In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the Lead actor? Supporting actor?
lead - primary medicinal herb
supporting - supporting herb (also behind the scenes)
In the Hollywood method, which herbal player corresponds to the screenwriter? Producer?
screenwriter - overall concept
producer - form of herbal product
What factors might play a role in tincture incompatibility?
solubility miscibility polarity pH precipitation temperature solvent used solvent % botanical matrix
T/F: Alkaloids are more soluble at alkaline pH.
false
soluble at acid pH
precipitate in alkaline, tannic, or salicylates
Arrange in order of polarity (least to most) glycerine fixed oils ethanol water
fixed oils -> ethanol -> glycerine -> water
Tinctures are made using the (weight/volume) of herb and the (weight/volume) of menstruum.
weight of herb
volume of menstruum
Menstruum % for variable solubilities of constituents:
- 85-95%: resins, EOs
- 75-95%: alkaloids
- 60-85%: glycosides, tannins
- 45%: when in doubt
Maceration:
to soak, fresh or dried, more common; slow
Percolation:
slow passing thru powdered herb; fast
Alcohol - advantages and disadvantages:
A: natural source, min 25% to preserve, best preservative and sanitizer, best solvent for 2nd plant constituents, Peripheral circulatory action, minimal processing, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
D: taste, high glycemic index, safety (kids, alcoholics, etc), Compliance issues, cost issues
Glycerine - advantages and disadvantages:
A: fair solvent, good preservative, low glycemic index, sweet taste
D: unnatural/fat saponification; need 65% to stabilize; diarrhea in 1-2 oz
United Plant Savers considers these herbs “at risk”.
o American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
o Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
o Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
o Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
o Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
o Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
o False Unicorn Root - Chamaelirium luteum
o Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
o Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
o Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum (debatable)
o Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
o Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
o Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
o Sundew - Drosera spp.
o Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
o True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
o Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
o Virginia Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
o Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.
Effects of hepatic fructose metabolism:
HTN
lipogenesis
dyslipidemia
hepatic steatosis
Cardiotonic herbs are:
herbs that have a beneficial action on the heart and blood vessels but do not contain cardiac glycosides.
Cardiotonic herbs:
Crataegus
Tilia
Allium sativum
Leonurus
A circulatory stimulant is:
a substance that improves blood flow through body tissues and is generally warming.
Circulatory stimulating herbs:
Capsicum
Rosmarinus
Zingiber
A peripheral vasodilator is:
A substance that dilates or widens peripheral blood vessels and improves circulation.
