Nagel Flashcards
what are native extracts?
the primary soluble portion of phytochemical removed from the herb by a
liquid solvent and or
heat and or
pressure
- used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution
what is the herb product continuum and who created it?
most complex to least complex as well as
highest bioactive constituent availability to least
least additives to most additives present
herb > native extracts (complex fractions) > simplified fractions (extract sub-fraction) > isolated constituents (purified compounds)
Dr. Brinker
what are simplified fractions
isolated constituents
standardized extracts
volatile oils
what are the basic parts of creating an herbal formula (Hollywood method)
leading actor - primary medicinal herb
supporting actor - co-primary herb, secondary medicinal herbs
Behind the scenes case - supporting background herbs
director - activator/harmonizer
What are things to consider for compatibility of tincture making?
polarity pH solubility precipitation temp solvent used solvent percent
needs to taste good, be conscientious of how many herbs added, need one clear goal.
How are alkaloids precipitated?
by tannins
alkaloids are more water soluble at acidic pH
oil soluble at alkaline pH
when do mucilages and polysaccharids fall out of solution?
at >25% alcohol
what is the basic tincture method of preparation?
made according to the
HERB WEIGHT:VOLUME
what is menstruum?
liquid solvent that you use to extract plant constituents from an herb
most often alcohol or glycerin, water extracts are less effective
When in doubt, what alcohol percentage is generally accepted as ok for tinctures?
45%
what alcohol percentage should be used for the following agents: polysaccharide, alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, resins and essential oils?
polysaccharide - water infusion/decoction glycosides - 60-85% alc and water tannins - 60-85% alkaloid - 75-95% alcohol resins and essential oils - 85-95%
what is maceration, what is it good for?
softening or breaking into pieces using liquid
best for mucilages (water)
benefit? cheap, easy
not so awesome - takes a long time
what are the advantages and disadvantages of tinctures?
ADV - constituents efficiently extracted with minimal processing, alcohol preserves, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile
DISADV - contain alcohol (health/religious concerns, compliance issues, COST issues
What are “at risk” herbs according the United States Plant Savers? (19 total)
- American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
- Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
- Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
- Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
- Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
- Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
- False UnicornRoot - Chamaelirium luteum
- Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
- Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
- Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum (Debatable according to Micheal Pilarski)
- Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
- Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
- Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
- Sundew - Drosera spp.
- Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
- True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
- Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
- Virginina Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
- Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.
A lot of them are Appelacian herbs
What is the effect of sugar on cardiovascular health?
Sugar is a hepatotoxin
Fructose promotes metabolic syndrome
Trigonella does what for cardiovascular health?
soluble fibers - both water and alcohol soluble
GOOD FOR LIPIDS
What is the active constituent in fresh garlic? What if it’s aged 5 mins
fresh - allicin - antimicrobial
aged - water-sol sulfur compounds
What is cardiotonic herb activity?
herbs with beneficial action on heart muscle and blood vessels, NO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
What is “circulatory stimulant” activity?
improves blood flow and warms
what is peripheral vasodilator activity?
dilates peripheral blood vessels, improves circulation
a hypotensive action of an herb means
it decreases blood pressure!
What are the commonly used herbs for lipid disorders?
allium (garlic) guggul (commiphora mukul) cynara (artichoke) TRIGONELLA (fenugreek - Nagel fave) monascus (red rice yeast)
What are the commonly used herbs for hypertension?
crataegus tilia beta vulagris (beets) ginkgo allium ocimum olive leaf melissa leonurus
which herbs are diuretics?
sildago uva-ursi equisetum galium juniperus
why is beta vulgaris (beet) useful in hypertension?
vasodilation
powerful NO stimulator, lowers BP and DJD
contains nitrates
What are the genius and energetic keys to Crataegus?
Rasaceae (rose family)
energetics: balance, profound strength and openness, doorway to the underworld.
What is important about dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia?
LOW DOSE - small to moderate only.
USED for snake bites
Side effects - nasal congestion,
larger doses treat psychosis, can cause Parkinson’s like symptoms
- WARNING when treating mental depression
what is monascus purpureus and what is it used for?
Red Rice Yeast - mold species
decreases cholesterol - fermented food in china, statin producing.
doesn’t treat underlying problem, but gets people off statins
what is cynara scolymus and what is it used for?
artichoke leaf
- very bitter, caffeic acid derivative (cyanarin)
what is commiphora mukul and what is it used for?
GUGGUL
resin, used for hyperlipidemia
- GREAT FIRST AID remedy on CUTS - forms bandage on wound
what is trigonella foenum and what is it used for?
fenugreek
used for lipid problems, high soluble fiber, manages both types of DM as well
what is allium sativum and what is it used for?
garlic!
allin - very volatile and potent, when crushed garlic it degrades after 20-30 minutes
take with food and fats
what is crataegus monogyna and what does it do?
Hawthorne
- it’s a tonic herb used for HTN (no cardiac glycosides)
CONTRAINDICATED IF ON HYPOTENSIVE MEDS
what is viscum album
mistletoe
- sedative, hypotensive (decreases BP), vasodilator
what is rauwolfia serpentina and what does it do?
Indian Snakeroot
- LOW DOSE HERB
- hypotensive, one of the BEST hypotensive herbs - sedative, tranquilizer
contains reserpine
what are the three types of dosing?
drop/low - 1-5 gtts
western - moderate amts 30-60 gtts
european - higher pharmaceutical amounts - 5 ml tid
what are the important naturopathic concerns regarding toxic botanicals?
high quality is important
good supplier
request assayed levels of potent compounds
when compounding, considering interactions
Toxicity is ALWAYS about dosing
small window of error
With solanaceous alkaloids (deadly nightshades) - what are the important signs of overdosing and toxicity?
mydriasis (pupil dilation) inc intra-ocular pressure reduction in all bodily secretions inhibit vagus nerve - tachycardia inc CO and BL reduce tone in sm mm - vasodilation bronchial dilation diplopia fibrillation
what are the important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals
- contact emergency services, poison control
- CPR
- minimize absorption of toxin (induce vomit within 1 hour of ingestion) - IE - ipecac syrup
- gastric lavage with or without charcoal (30-50g in water slurry)
- precipitations of alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark (aconite, bell, datura, hyos)
LOBELIA - tell me some good things about this for treating overdose of toxic herbs?
VOMITING for blocked nerve energy helps in 1-3 days for asthma, smoking cessation safer for tobacco users because lobelia targets nicotinic receptors, in smokers, these are stimulated more - can increase dose for smokers
One dram equals..
60 gtts
1 oz is how many gtts?
480 gtts
on average 45% tincture has how many gtts per average water drop?
2.4 gtts
lobelia inflata dosing?
PUKEWEED
Most useful low dose herb
- toxicity, vomit, weakness, stupor, tremors, pinpoint pupils
DOSING
emetic dose - 1tsp dry herb in 1 glass cold water
tincture 1:8 60% EtOH dried, 1.6 ml tid
what is the general rule for formulas with lobelia?
no more than 10% lobelia in any formula
- seeds are more active.
- green plant tincture and vinegar used more for asthma
aconitum nap. is what and what does it do?
wolfsbane
- based on fear of death, great restlessness
- used at first signs of death
one of the most TOXIC
small amt stimulates, large amt depresses then kills
gelsemium sempervirens is what and what is it used for?
low-dose toxic herb
used for HTN
atropa belladonna is used for what?
it’s a narcotic, sedative, respiratory spasmolytic, anodyne
used to treat GI disturbances
must give physostigmine 2mg IV to treat toxicity
bryonia alba is what and what is it used for?
homeopathically and herbal
ANTI-HTN
diaphoretic
contains curcurbitacins which relax smooth muscle
what is veratrum virde and what is it used for?
low dose herb - used for HTN
energetics are masturbation and pinpoint pupils
part of the lily family
acts similar to aconite, full pulse, cough, HA, wt in epigastrium, rapid heart, convulsive conditions
Which herbs are botanical analgesics?
salicylate containing herbs
which are the anti-inflammatory analgesics, in other words - what herbal categories exist for pain relief?
non-salicylate containing in general
hypnotic/spasmodic analgesis - sm muscle and relaxing, antispasmodic
topical
centrally acting (CNS)/ low dose herbs- opiod and non-opiod
What is salix used for?
willow - does not affect platelets, can thin blood, salicin - pain relief!
constituent - salicin
not acetylated until it hits digestion - circulates through the system
what are the best herbs for topical pain relief - how are they used?
Arnica - homeopathically, herbal - low dose tincture
Wintergreen - oil, salicylate, absorbed in bloodstream, kidney problems, tiger balm, issue sources
Capsicum inhibits substance P, hot at beginning, but cools. potential SE - other membranes affected
which berry has anti cancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties?
Black raspberry!
50 g freeze dried for cancer
which herb is anti-inflammatory, anti-gout, as effective as an NSAID - but you have to take long term for a positive effect?
tart cherry
tell me something about salix spp? what is it? what is it good for?
Willow
- contains salicylate (salicin) - bitter
more analgesic than aspirin, fewer side effects
GREAT at weening people off of prescription analgesics
what is harpogophytum procumens? what does it do?
devils claw tuber
- works on pain due to inflammation, arthritis and myalgias
what is tanacetum parthenium and what does it do?
feverfew
- for migraine prevention and HA
- Jt pain and arthritis as well
what is boswellia serrata used for?
inflammatory conditions of the joints and bowel
name some additional anti-inflammatory, potentially analgesic herbs?
curcuma longa - turmeric cimicifuga - cramp bark zingiber officinale - ginger prunus cerasus - tart cherry rubus fruiticosus - blackberry rubus occidentalis - black raspberry
What is a great formula for sinusitis?
HEMP formula
what are the basics of freeze drying?
changes the form of the plant.
solid to gas without liquid phase
it is fresh in the dried state
- this process actually stabilizes the herbs - freeze in compressor so air is sucked out
how does freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas?
preserves the stinging hairs!!
stinging hairs intact - 5-HTP still effective
prevents degradation of fresh plant material
stops enzymatic conversions during drying
What are the indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops?
2-4 drops of warm oil
morning and night with cotton
watch for bloody d/c or pus
not to be used with patients with ruptured drums or myringotomy
Euphrasia officials what is it, it’s uses and system?
Eyebright - Ma Huang
- substitute Mullein flowers for it
for - respiratory bronchitis, bronchodilator, asthma, nasal congestion, obesity (helps with wt loss - banned due to this)
> 300mg is TOXIC*
- causes insomnia, motor restlessness, HTN, tachycardia
what is hydrastis root, what is it used for?
HEENT herb
Goldenseal
Mucus Membrane tonic, no effect on viruses, can be used topically
What is Verbascum leaf and flower? what is it used for?
HEENT
Mullein!
- leaf and flower used
used as expectorant, demulcent, anti-catarrhal and vulnerary
what is lomatium dissectum? what does it do?
HEENT Biscuit Root - antibiotic, antiviral, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-catarral, emmenagogue SUPREME Lung Herb Strengthens alveolar sacs contain coumarins and essential oils
Used for - influenza, sweating, fever and herpes
what is propolis?
vegetable glue made by honeybees from resins collected on bark and buds of certain trees and balsamic plants
HEENT uses
