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Nutr 302 > Na/K/Cl > Flashcards

Na/K/Cl Flashcards

1
Q

what is the electrolyte distribution within the body?

A

inside cell: greater concentration of K
outside cell: greater concentration of Na + Cl

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2
Q

what are the physiological concentrations of electrolytes?

A

Na: ~140mmol/L outside \ 12mmol/L inside
K: ~4.5mmol/L outside \ 150mmol/L inside
Cl: ~100mmol/L outside \ 2mmol/L inside

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3
Q

describe the function of the sodium potassium pump

A

creates an electrochemical gradient across all cell membranes

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4
Q

what is the movement of the Na/K pump

A

3 Na out of the cell/2 K into the cell
electrical gradient: more pos+ out creating more neg- charge cytoplasm, creates action potentials
chemical gradient: Na flows down gradient drives transport processes

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5
Q

describe the importance of the sodium potassium pump

A

maintains ionic homeostasis, regulates cell volume, forms basis for water soluble absorption

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6
Q

how does the intestine absorb electrolytes

A

Na via electrochemical gradient from Na/K pump (95-100%)

Cl via co-transporter with Na or via paracellular space

K via passive diffusion in colon or Na/K pump (85-90%)

transport proteins on luminal membrane / pumps on the basolateral membrane

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7
Q

what is the propagation of action potentials

A
  1. depolarization due to Na channels on outside opening = Na rushing in against gradient = neg- charge becomes positive = all voltage-gated channels open
  2. action potential occurs
  3. repolarization K channels on inside open = K out slowly against pos+ PD + Na channels on outside close/influx ceases
  4. hyperpolarization due to K voltage-gated channels inside close = Na/K pump takes over
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8
Q

what is the fluid distribution within the body

A

35% ECF - 5-5% intravascular/1-2% transcellular/25% interstitial fluid
65% ICF

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9
Q

how is electrolyte distribution/balance controlled

A

movement of ions via passive diffusion or active transport

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10
Q

what are the steps of the sodium potassium pump (4)

A
  1. a-subunit of transporter picks up 3 Na inside cell
  2. ATP binds + residue on a-subunit is phosphorylated = transformational change releasing 3 Na outside cell
  3. a-subunit of transporter picks up 2 K outside the cell
  4. phosphate group on a-subunit is hydrolyzed = 2 K released inside cell + Na can bind again
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11
Q

active absorption of Na is a ___ ____ for passively absorbing …

A

primary mechanism for passively absorbing Cl/amino acids/glucose/water

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12
Q

cells depolarize + membrane potential closer to action potential threshold + cells more excitable + higher ECF [K] + more K retained inside = _____

A

hyperkalemia

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13
Q

cells hyperpolarize + membrane potential further from action potential threshold + ICF more negative + decreasing ECF [K] + greater [gradient] + action potential not reached = _____

A

hypokalemia

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14
Q

T or F: membrane potential is maintained by Na/K pumps

A

true, tight control of cell membrane potential is critical for nerve impulse transmission/contraction/cardiac function

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15
Q

what is the [] it occurs at + what are symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

> 5mmol/L
muscle weakness + arrhythmias + cardiac arrest (8mmol/L)

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16
Q

what is the [] it occurs at + what are symptoms of hypokalemia

A

<3.5mmol/L
muscle weakness + decreased smooth muscle contractility + alkalosis + paralysis

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17
Q

what organ is primary for electrolyte balance/homeostasis

A

kidney

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18
Q

transcellular distribution of ____ is influenced by …

A

K
insulin, pH, catecholamines, osmolarity, [K]

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19
Q

How is water balanced by the electrolytes

A
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20
Q

explain kidney function

A
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21
Q

what factors regulate water balance/electrolytes

A
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22
Q

what happens when Na is deficient

A
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23
Q

what happens when K is deficient

A
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24
Q

what happens when Cl is deficient

A
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25
fluid balance is required for ___ ___ ___ ___ is required for fluid balance
osmotic homeostasis ion transport
26
excess water results in ... and will lead to ...
lower [solutes] = lower [osmotic] leads to higher kidney water excretion/urine volume of low osmolarity
27
lack of water results in ... and will lead to ...
higher plasma [osmotic] leads to kidney modification to excrete more solutes in lower urine volume
28
how does the kidney compensate for water intake changes
controlling rate of water excretion via rate of water reabsorption
29
T or F: descending loop of Henle transports ions
false, impermeable to ions/no pumps = draws out water only ascending LoH has Na/K pumps = draws out/reabsorbs solute
30
what is the role of aldosterone + how
conserves water via reabsorption of Na (water follows Na) using Na/K exchange channels (K out/Na in)
31
what is the role of ADH + how
controls rate/amount of water reabsorption via aquaporins
32
what triggers the release of aldosterone and ADH + from where
low blood pressure or severe dehydration (hypovolemia) = body will limit urine output to conserve water = release of aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) + ADH (from posterior pituitary gland)
33
where do aldosterone + ADH act
distal convoluted tubules + collecting ducts
34
high volume/low osmolarity = ADH ... low volume/high osmolarity = ADH ...
ADH turned off/water excreted ADH turned on/water retained
35
aldosterone secretion results in ... + stimulates ...
results in more Na channels = more Na in and Na into plasma = more water retained stimulates thirst/ADH release
36
what occurs when salt is low/Na imbalance - blood pressure ___ + plasma volume ___ - sympathetic activity ___ + Na load to cells& GFR ___ - renin & and angiotensin secretion ___ = AVP secretion ___ - aldosterone secretion ___ - Na reabsorption ___ + water reabsorption ___ - Na excretion ___ + water excretion ___
- decreases + decreases - increases + decreases - increases = increases - increases - increases + increases - decreases + decreases
37
what occurs when excess water is lost/fluid imbalance - water balance is ___ - plasma osmolarity ___ + plasma volume ___ = triggers ___ + ___ + ___ - AVP secretion ____ = plasma AVP level ___ - water reabsorption ___ - water intake ___ + water excretion ___
- negative - increases + decreases = thirst sensation + osmoreceptors + baroreceptors - increases + increases - increases - increases + decreases
38
a drop in blood volume + increase of serum osmolarity and thirst/water intake triggers the release of ___ + production of ___ resulting in ___ + ____, final resolution is ___ ___ + ___ ___ which inhibits ___
ADH + ADH resulting in decreased urine excretion + increased circulating volume of H20/Na/loss of K final resolution is increased blood volume + lower serum osmolarity inhibits ADH production
39
low pressure receptors detect/correct ... and are located in the central venous portion of ... & ...
hypovolemia cardiac atria & pulmonary vein
40
low pressure receptors correct by ___ renal blood flow + ____ + ____ they stimulate ____ = increased ___ + ___
decreasing renal blood flow + GFR + Na excretion stimulate renin release = increased angiotensin + aldosterone
41
low pressure receptors restore ...
restore circulating volume + blood pressure (low to high)
42
high pressure receptors detect/correct ... and are located in ... & ...
hypervolemia aortic arch + carotid sinus
43
high pressure receptors correct due to stimulation of ____ = release of ___ + ___ + ___ and suppression of ____
stimulation of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) = release of natriuretic + diuretic + vasodilating effects and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
44
high pressure receptors decrease secretion of ____ = Na reabsorption is ____
secretion of AVP/ADH = Na reabsorption is decreased
45
high pressure receptors restore ...
circulating volume + blood pressure (high to low/normal)
46
what is the trigger of: - Ang II - ANP - aldosterone - AVP/ADH
Ang II: hypotension ANP: increased atrial pressure aldosterone: hypovolemia + hypotension (via Ang II) +/or hyperkalemia AVP/ADH: hypovolemia + hypotension (via Ang II) + increased plasma osmolality
47
what is the site of action in the nephron of: - Ang II - ANP - aldosterone - AVP/ADH
- Ang II = aff + eff arteriole - ANP = aff + eff arteriole & DCT - aldosterone = collecting duct - AVP/ADH = collecting duct
48
what is the net effect of: - Ang II - ANP - aldosterone - AVP/ADH
- Ang II = higher GFR + Na absorption in proximal/distal to maintain fluid balance - ANP = higher GFR/Na filtration + inhibit NA uptake at DCT for volume loss - aldosterone = increase Na uptake/K excretion, fluid retention - AVP/ADH = increase free water uptake from collecting duct
49
what causes excessive retention of Na/Cl
- large amount of sea water/fast saline infusion - hypersecretion of aldosterone - low b/p + renal failure to control Na reabsorption - hypernatremia due to lack of water intake
50
what causes a deficiency of Na/Cl
- excess water intake relative to solute (medical condition / endurance sports) - increased Na renal loss/decreased reabsorption by diuretics/diabetes - decreased aldosterone secretion (lower Na absorption) - non-renal losses via GI
51
what are the effects of Na excess
- hypernatremia/hypervolemia/hypertension - CVD - edema/heart failer
52
what are the effects of Na deficiency
- hypovolemia/hypotension/dehydration - higher heart rate - dizzy, weak, cramping
53
symptoms of Na excess/deficiency are associated with ___ and affect ...
fluid volume, affect blood pressure + CNS function
54
what are the causes of hypokalemia + when does it occur
serum [K] <3.5mmol/L - increased K excretion / lack of intake - excess aldosterone - impacted extra to intracellular shift (alkalosis, insulin/glucose)
55
what are the symptoms of hypokalemia
- muscles weak, fatigued, cramp - insulin resistance / glucose intolerance - cardiac dysrhythmia - membranes hyperpolarize
56
what are the causes of hyperkalemia + when does it occur
serum [K] > 5.5mmol/L - excessive intake + low excretion/GFR - lack of aldosterone - impacted intra to extracellular shift (acidosis, diabetes mellitus)
57
what are the symptoms of hyperkalemia
- muscular weakness/fatigue - cardiac dysrhythmia - cardiac arrest - membranes hypopolarize
58
symptoms of K excess/deficiency are associated with ___ and affect ...
muscular function, affect nerve transmission + muscle contraction
59
what is the UL for salt + ration of Na:Cl in salt
6g/day = 2.3g/Na : 3.6g/Cl (40% Na/60% Cl)
60
the only way to decrease dietary Na is to minimize ...
processed foods + choose fresh foods
61
what is the UL for K
there isn't one
62
diets containing ___g/day of K are associated with lower risk of ...
>4.7g/day, lower risk of stroke +hypertension + osteoporosis + kidney stones

Nutr 302 (6 decks)

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