NA 4) Conclusion

Question 1

Summarise gov. in 1865-1923.

Answer 1

Neither gov. nor NAs aided progress
Gov. more concerned with assimilation + destroying right to self-determination
Reservations; allotments
Outlook reinforced by views of most Americans who believed in Manifest Destiny & that NAs = inferior
Indirectly helped to preserve NA culture

Question 2

Summarise NAs in 1865-1923.

Answer 2

Attempted to resist assimilation, but divisions between tribes + poor leadership = unable to achieve aim of self-determination
In fighting, perpetuated lack of unity; gov. exploited

Question 3

Conclude 1865-1923.

Answer 3

Difficult to argue that this period witnessed improvements
Did little to further own cause
Gov. actively sought to destroy rights

Question 4

Summarise gov. in 1924-68.

Answer 4

Responsible for advancement of NA rights in first part of period; citizenship + New Deal gains
NAs did not want citizenship; New Deal gains = short-lived
Little progress, and more due to changing attitudes among population

Question 5

Summarise NAs in 1924-68.

Answer 5

Achieved little, but some evidence of inc. unity; emergence of pressure groups e.g. NCAI
Exp. during WW2 encouraged greater determination to fight for rights; more evident in final period

Question 6

Conclude 1924-68.

Answer 6

Some gains made but due to gov., while being encouraged by reformers

Question 7

Summarise gov. 1969-92.

Answer 7

Greatest advancement of c.r
Nixon, Ford, Carter = considerable improvement
Nixon = turning point; gov. abandoned assimilation; promoted self-determination (how far this was due to attitudes of gov.s is a matter of debate)
Gradual realisation after 1960s that NAs had been treated unfairly
Decisions of SC = crucial
Attitude of pres. + eco. situation of time = imp. influences, illustrated by limited progress under Raegan

Question 8

Summarise NAs 1969-92.

Answer 8

Actions of NAs = imp.
New-found unity - exterted more pressure on gov.
Pressure groups drew attention to their plight + exploited media attention
Groups like AIM became more adept at using courts
Recognition by successive presidents that previous treatment = unjust

Question 9

Conclude 1969-92.

Answer 9

Greatest advances took place when presidents supported the cause, SC was sympathetic, and NAs were united with powerful pressure groups