N398 Final Flashcards
1
Q
metformin
A
- used to prevent DM 2
- inhibits glucose production in the liver and reduces absorption in the gut
- can lead to lactic acid build up
- does NOT stimulate insulin release
- contraindication within 48 hrs of IV contrast
2
Q
glipizide
A
- sulfonylureas
- used to prevent DM 2
- stimulates release of insulin from pancreatic islets (if pancreas doesnt work–this drug wont)
- AE: hypoglycemia
3
Q
repaglinitde
A
- used to prevent DM 2
- stimulates release of insulin from pancreatic islets (if pancreas doesnt work–this drug wont)
- AE: hypoglycemia (absorbed rapidly in the gut)
4
Q
sitagliptin
A
-used to prevent DM 2
-blocks DDP-4 and stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses postprandial release of glucagon
AE: hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, Stevens-johnson syndrome
5
Q
liraglutide
A
- used prevent DM 2
- slows gastric emptying, stimulates glucose dependent insulin release
- SQ injection
6
Q
pioglitazone
A
- used to prevent to DM 2
- reduces insulin resistance and decrease glucose production
- AE: fluid retention, hypoglycemia
7
Q
insulin: Lispro
A
- used to prevent DM 1
- rapid acting (meal time fixes)
- AE: hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, allergic reactions
8
Q
insulin: regular
A
- prevent DM 1
- short duration
9
Q
insulin: NPH
A
- prevent DM 1
- intermediate duration
10
Q
insulin: glargine
A
- prevent DM 1
- long duration (helps mimics the pancreas)
- cant mix
11
Q
phenytoin
A
-anti-epileptic drug
-used for seizures except absence
-selective inhibition of Na+ channels
AE: gengivial hyperplasia, swelling, SJS, teratogenic in pregnancy (cleft palate, hydrocephalus, renal), purple glove syndrome
-narrow therapeutic index
12
Q
fosphenytoin
A
- pro-drug of phenytoin
- less side effects (no purple glove syndrome)
13
Q
carbamazepine
A
- anti-epileptic drug
- used for partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures
- suppresses high frequency neuronal dischange in and around seizure foci
- AE: CNS, hematologic, increased risk of spina bifida, hyponatremia, and rashes
- autoinduction (metabolized in the liver)
14
Q
divalproex
A
- antiepileptic drug
- sodium channel blockage, inhibitory of GABA, suppression of calcium influx
- AE: hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, hyperammonia, tetrogenic in 1st trimester (neural tube and congnitive)
- comes in extended release, delayed release, sprinkles
15
Q
levetiracetam
A
- antiepileptic drug
- mechanism is unknown
- AE: drownsiness and asthenia
- minimal drug interactions
16
Q
mannitol
A
- antiepileptic drugs
- osmotic diurectic that crosses the BBB and pulls water
- AE: electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, dehydration
- will crystalize so make sure you have a filter
17
Q
albuterol
A
- short acting beta 2 agonist
- used to treat asthma and COPD
- bronchodilation
- AE: tachycardia, tremor, hypokalemia
18
Q
ipratropium
A
- anticholinergic
- treatment of COPD
- blocks muscarinic receptors in the bronchi and causes bronchodilation
- AE: dry mouth, phargyneal irritation
19
Q
montelukast
A
- leukotriene modifier
- suppresses effects of leukotrienes (inflammation)
20
Q
beclomethasone
A
- inhaled corticosteroid
- knocks out inflammation side effects and decrease mucus production
- AE: thrush (tell pts to rinse mouth out), dysphonia, bone loss
21
Q
ranitidine
A
- histamine 2 receptor antagonist
- suppresses the secretion of gastric acid by selectively blocking H2 receptors in parietal cells
- AE: avoid with warfarin and phenytoin
22
Q
omeprazole
A
- proton pump inhibitors
- blocks gastric production
- AE: long term can increase risk of osteoporosis, pneumonia, C. diff, dementia, kidney
23
Q
sucralfate
A
- mucosal protectant
- acidic environment changes into thick substance that adheres to the ulcer in the stomach
- AE: constipation, may interfere with other med absorption
24
Q
mag hydroxide and calcium carbonate
A
- antacids
- neutralize stomach acid by inactivating pepsin
25
sulfasalazine
- 5 ASA
- used for IBD
- decreases inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
- AE: blood disorders, anemia
26
digoxin
- used for heart failure
- inhibits the Na-K ATPase (increase contractility, CO, and limits HF symptoms)
- AE: dysrhy, N/V, visual disturbances
27
furosemide
- loop diuretic
- significant diuresis even with low GFR
- AE: hypokalemia, hypotension, dehydration
28
hydrocholorothiazide
- mild diuretic (ineff with low GFR)
| - AE: hypokalemia
29
spironolactone
-K sparing diuretics
-minimal diuresis
-blocks aldosterone which makes Na leave but not K+
AE: hyperkalemia
30
nitroglycerin
- organic nitrate, must be converted
- dilates veins and decreases venous return
- AE: chest pain and drug interaction with viagra (drop in BP)
31
lisinopril
- pril = ACE inhibitor
- prevention angiotensin 1 to 2
- AE: persistent cough
32
metoprolol
- lol = beta block
- beta adrenergic blocker
- protecting heart from excessive sympathetic stimulation and protecting against dysrhythmia
- AE: reduces HR but blocks sympathetic response
33
losartan
- ARB
- prevents angio 2 from binding with receptors
- AE: angioedema, hyperkalemia
- less cardiac remodeling than ACE
34
hydralazine
- vasodilator
- selective dilation of arterioles
- AE: hypotension, tachycardia, lupus like
35
paroxetine
- SSRI
- mood disorders
- allows serotonin to stay in synaptic gap longer
- AE: sexual dysfunction, wt gain, serotonin syndrome (muscle rigidity, fever, altered mental status)
- interactions with antiplatelet drugs
36
venlafaxine
- SNRI
- mood disorders
- allows serotonin and NE to stay in synaptic gap longer
- AE: sexual dysfunction, wt gain, serotonin syndrome (muscle rigidity, fever, altered mental status)
- interactions with antiplatelet drugs
37
amitriptyline
- TCA
- mood disorders, neuropathic pain, sleep
- blocks neuronal reuptake of NE and serotonin
- AE: orthostatic hypotension, sedation, seizures
- overdose is lethal
38
bupropion
- atypical antidepressant
- mood disoder
- unclear (DA blockage and NE reuptake)
- AE: agitation, HA, dry mount, wt loss, seizure
- helps with smoking cessation
39
alprazolam
- benzodiazepine
- anxiety
- AE: CNS depressant, resp depressant
- can have life threatening withdrawal syndrome
