-N1C - Muscular System & Skeletal System Flashcards
Rieanne Ricci Llane D. Gole
What is the myofibril?
A bundle of myofilaments that make up a muscle fiber.
What is atrophy?
Decrease in muscle size due to inactivity.
What is the primary function of smooth muscle tissue and where can it be found in the body?
It controls involuntary movements and is found in organs like intestines.
What is sarcomere?
Basic contractile unit of muscle fiber.
What 2 proteins regulate muscle contraction?
Troponin and tropomyosin.
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
Provides energy for myosin to form and detach crossbridges with actin.
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in muscle size due to resistance training.
How does aging affect muscle mass and strength?
Aging leads to sarcopenia, gradual decrease in muscle mass and strength.
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?
Scapula
What bones form the leg?
Femur, fibula, and tibia.
What is the primary action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
It rotates and flexes the neck.
What is the main function of the adductor muscle group?
To adduct the thigh, bringing it closer to the body’s midline
What is the function of the masseter muscle?
It is one of the main chewing muscles responsible for elevating the mandible (closing the jaw).
What is the function of the external oblique muscles?
They rotate and laterally flex the spine and help compress the abdominal contents.
What is the importance of mitochondria in muscle cells?
Mitochondria generate ATP, which is necessary for muscle contraction and endurance.
What role does the epimysium play in muscle anatomy?
Epimysium is the outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle, protecting it and reducing friction.
What are the primary components of a muscle fiber?
Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T-tubules.
How do intercalated discs facilitate the function of cardiac muscle?
They provide strong mechanical connections and enable rapid electrical conduction between cardiac cells, ensuring synchronized contraction.
What is the role of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
It flexes the middle phalanges of the fingers.
What does the orbicularis oris muscle do?
It controls movements of the mouth and lips, allowing for actions like puckering.
What is the foramen magnum, and where is it located?
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
What is osteoporosis, and what causes it?
A condition where bones become weak and brittle, often due to aging, hormonal changes, or calcium deficiency.
What is the hyoid bone, and why is it unique?
A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue, unique because it does not articulate with any other bone.
What are the phalanges, and where are they located?
The bones of the fingers and toes.
What is the temporal bone, and what does it protect?
A cranial bone that forms part of the side and base of the skull, protecting the structures of the ear.
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that break down bone tissue.
What is the periosteum?
A dense layer of connective tissue that covers bones.
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
What are the main types of joints?
What are the main types of joints?
What is a ligament?
A band of connective tissue that connects bones to each other.
What is a tendon?
A band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
What are intervertebral discs?
Cushions between vertebrae that absorb shock.
What is the largest bone in the human body?
The femur.
What is a dislocation?
When a bone is forced out of its joint.
What is the function of synovial fluid?
To lubricate joints and reduce friction.
What is the sacrum?
A triangular bone formed by fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
To support the body’s weight and connect the upper body to the lower limbs.
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone homeostasis?
It increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone.
What are the primary movements allowed by a hinge joint?
Flexion and extension.
Flexion and extension.
A growth plate in long bones where bone lengthening occurs during development.
