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N112 > N112 Quiz 1: chapter 16 > Flashcards

N112 Quiz 1: chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the nasal turbinates and what is their function?

A

They increase the surface area so that more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available to warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air.

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2
Q

What is the frenulum?

A

frenulum is a midline fold of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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3
Q

What is malocclusion and what can it cause?

A

malocclusion: If tooth loss occurs, the remaining teeth drift, causing malocclusion; misalignment of teeth.
The stress of chewing with maloccluding teeth causes further problems: (1) further tooth loss
(2) muscle imbalance from a mandible and maxilla now out of alignment, which produces muscle spasms, tenderness of muscles of mastication, and chronic headaches
(3) stress on the temporomandibular joint, leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open the mouth.

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4
Q

torus palatinus

A

a benign bony ridge running in the middle of the hard palate

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5
Q

Leukoedema

A

a milky, bluish-white, opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa. It occurs more often in darkly pigmented persons and is seen most often in African Americans.

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6
Q

Has the incidence of tooth loss and edentulism increased or decreased in the last several decades? why?

A

decreased substantially in the United States over the past several decades because of
fluoridation
improved dental treatment
better personal care.

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7
Q

What type of subjective data could be gathered on a nose assessment?

A
  1. Discharge
  2. Frequent colds (upper respiratory infections)
  3. Sinus pain
  4. Trauma
  5. Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
  6. Allergies
  7. Altered smell
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8
Q

What type of subjective data could be gathered on a mouth assessment?

A 
1 Sores or lesions
2 Sore throat
3 Bleeding gums
4 Toothache
5 Hoarseness
6 Dysphagia
7 Altered taste
8 Smoking, alcohol consumption
9 Self-care behaviors
10 Dental care pattern
11 Dentures or appliances
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9
Q

What is Rhinorrhea and when does it occur?

A

Rhinorrhea: discharge that occurs with colds, allergies, sinus infection, trauma.

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10
Q

What is epistaxis and when does it occur?

A

Nose bleeds that occurs with trauma, vigorous nose blowing, foreign body.

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11
Q

What is dysphagia and when does it occur?

A

difficulty swallowing: occurs with pharyngitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, stroke and other neurologic diseases, esophageal cancer.

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12
Q

What is Bruxism and when does it occur?

A

Bruxism (teeth grinding) usually occurs in sleep, from dental problems, nervous tension.

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13
Q

What is xerostomia

A

Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a side effect of many drugs: antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, bronchodilators.

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14
Q

What does the absence of patency indicate?

A

Absence of sniff indicates obstruction (e.g., common cold, nasal polyps, rhinitis).

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15
Q

What is Stensen’s duct and what is indicated when red?

A

the opening of the parotid salivary gland. It looks like a small dimple opposite the upper second molar. If red… mumps!

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16
Q

What is thrush and what is an indicator of thrush?

A

Candida infection will usually rub off, leaving a clear or raw denuded surface that bleeds. Also an opportunistic infection for immunocompromised people. chemo, HIV

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17
Q

Describe the tonsil grading scale.

A 
Tonsils are graded in size as follows:
1+ Visible
2+ Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
3+ Touching the uvula
4+ Touching each other
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18
Q

What do enlarged Tonsils of 2+, 3+, or 4+ indicate?

A

acute infection.

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19
Q

What would tongue deviation to one side (when patient is asked to stick tongue out) indicate?

A

With cranial nerve XII damage, the tongue deviates toward the paralyzed side.

20
Q

Where would you find a fine tremor of the tongue? a coarse tremor?

A

A fine tremor of the tongue occurs with hyperthyroidism; a coarse tremor occurs with cerebral palsy and alcoholism.

21
Q

What would sweet, fruity breath indicate?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

this acetone smell also occurs in children with malnutrition or dehydration.

22
Q

What would ammonia breath odor indicate?

A

uremia

23
Q

What would a foul, fetid odor indicate?

A

dental or respiratory infections

24
Q

What would alcohol odor indicate?

A

alcohol ingestion or chemicals

25
Q

What would a mouse-like smell of the breath indicate?

A

diphtheria.

26
Q

What would nasal flaring in the infant indicate?

A

Nasal flaring in the infant indicates respiratory distress.

27
Q

What would Inability to pass catheter through nasal cavity indicate of an infant indicate?

A

choanal atresia (bony or membraneous septum), which needs immediate intervention.

28
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

a short lingual frenulum, can limit protrusion and impair speech development

29
Q

What is “SLT” and what is the significance of use of SLT?

A

Smokeless tobacco (SL-T). carries significant health risks, including cancers, fatal myocardial infarcts and stroke, dental decay, hypertension, and decreased sperm counts and sterility. Of particular concern is that using SL-T carries an even greater risk for oral cavity cancers than does smoking.

30
Q

What are early signs of oral cancer?

A
  1. A sore that does not seem to heal
  2. A smooth or leathery white patch or lump
  3. A prolonged sore throat or feeling that something is in the throat
  4. Difficulty chewing
  5. Restricted movement of the tongue or jaw
31
Q 
The nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis would be:
A.	moist and pink.
B.	swollen, boggy, and gray.
C.	bright red and swollen.
D.	pale with bright red bleeding.
A

C. bright red and swollen.

32
Q 
The examiner notices a fine tremor when the patient sticks out his or her tongue. What disorder is consistent with this finding?
A.	Hyperthyroidism
B.	Diabetic ketoacidosis
C.	Halitosis
D.	Alcoholism
A

A. Hyperthyroidism

33
Q

Which of the following questions would the examiner ask to determine whether an individual has epistaxis?
A. “Do you have any difficulty with swallowing?”
B. “Have you ever noticed any unusual lesions on the inside of your mouth?”
C. “Do you experience nose bleeds?”
D. “Do you experience a runny nose frequently?”

A

C. “Do you experience nose bleeds?”

34
Q

On examination of an American Indian’s mouth, the examiner notices the presence of a bifid uvula. How should this finding be interpreted?
A. This is an expected variation associated with this individual.
B. This condition is frequently associated with cleft palate.
C. This may indicate the presence of oral cancer.
D. This is rare and indicates other congenital anomalies may be present.

A

A. This is an expected variation associated with this individual.

35
Q 
An enlarged tongue (macroglossia) may accompany:
A.	cleft palate.
B.	hairy tongue.
C.	Down syndrome.
D.	fissured tongue.
A

C. Down syndrome.

36
Q

In addition to initiating digestion of food, saliva also:
A. augments taste sensation.
B. protects the mucosa from caustic substances.
C. inhibits overgrowth of bacteria in the mouth.
D. cleans and protects the mucosa.

A

D. cleans and protects the mucosa.

37
Q

One of the purposes of the paranasal sinuses is to:
A. lighten the weight of the skull bones.
B. warm and moisten the inspired air.
C. amplify sound.
D. augment the sensory sensation of smell.

A

A. lighten the weight of the skull bones.

38
Q 
The parotid gland's duct that opens into the mouth opposite the second molar is:
A.	the Wharton duct.
B.	the salivary duct.
C.	Stensen duct.
D.	the sublingual duct.
A

C. Stensen duct.

39
Q 
Which of the following pairs of sinuses is absent at birth, is fairly well developed between 7 and 8 years of age, and is fully developed after puberty?
A.	Maxillary
B.	Frontal
C.	Sphenoid
D.	Ethmoid
A

B. Frontal

40
Q 
What is the major cause of decreased saliva production in the older adult?
A.	Use of anticholinergic medications
B.	Normal aging process
C.	Decreased fluid intake
D.	A diminished sense of taste and smell
A

A. Use of anticholinergic medications

41
Q

Furuncle

A

A small boil located in the skin or mucous membrane; appears red and swollen and is quite painful.

42
Q

Describe Herpes Simplex 1 and indication on the mouth.

A

The cold sores are groups of clear vesicles with a surrounding indurated erythematous base. These evolve into pustules, which rupture, weep, and crust and heal in 4 to 10 days. The most likely site is the lip-skin junction; infection often recurs in same site. Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), the lesion is highly contagious and is spread by direct contact. Recurrent herpes infections may be precipitated by sunlight, fever, colds, and allergy. It is a very common lesion, affecting 50% of adults.

43
Q

Describe what the tongue looks like with Atrophic Glossitis.

A

The surface is slick and shiny; the mucosa thins and looks red from decreased papillae. Accompanied by dryness of tongue and burning. Occurs with vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia), folic acid deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia.

44
Q

What happens to the aging adults mouth and teeth?

A
  1. Tooth surface become abraded.
  2. Gums recede
  3. Cavities form around the neck of the tooth, exposing the nerve and making the tooth hypersensitive.
  4. Some tooth loss may occur from bone resorption (osteoporosis)
  5. Oral mucosa is often drier and more fragile due to degeneration of epithelial lining of salivary glands. This can affect medication. Buccal meds can cause ulcer if older pt with thinner
  6. Ability to smell and taste decreases with age.
  7. Natural tooth loss is exacerbated by years of inadequate dental care
45
Q

What are some effects of SLT use?

A 
Gum recession
Tooth discoloration
Bad breath
Nicotine dependence
Unhealthy eating habits
SLT use is higher in young white males
Largest group of SLT users (39%) - American Indian/Alaskan Native children 
Increased use of SLT in sports

N112 (6 decks)

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