N112 Quiz 1: chapter 16 Flashcards
Where are the nasal turbinates and what is their function?
They increase the surface area so that more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available to warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air.
What is the frenulum?
frenulum is a midline fold of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
What is malocclusion and what can it cause?
malocclusion: If tooth loss occurs, the remaining teeth drift, causing malocclusion; misalignment of teeth.
The stress of chewing with maloccluding teeth causes further problems: (1) further tooth loss
(2) muscle imbalance from a mandible and maxilla now out of alignment, which produces muscle spasms, tenderness of muscles of mastication, and chronic headaches
(3) stress on the temporomandibular joint, leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open the mouth.
torus palatinus
a benign bony ridge running in the middle of the hard palate
Leukoedema
a milky, bluish-white, opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa. It occurs more often in darkly pigmented persons and is seen most often in African Americans.
Has the incidence of tooth loss and edentulism increased or decreased in the last several decades? why?
decreased substantially in the United States over the past several decades because of
fluoridation
improved dental treatment
better personal care.
What type of subjective data could be gathered on a nose assessment?
- Discharge
- Frequent colds (upper respiratory infections)
- Sinus pain
- Trauma
- Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
- Allergies
- Altered smell
What type of subjective data could be gathered on a mouth assessment?
1 Sores or lesions 2 Sore throat 3 Bleeding gums 4 Toothache 5 Hoarseness 6 Dysphagia 7 Altered taste 8 Smoking, alcohol consumption 9 Self-care behaviors 10 Dental care pattern 11 Dentures or appliances
What is Rhinorrhea and when does it occur?
Rhinorrhea: discharge that occurs with colds, allergies, sinus infection, trauma.
What is epistaxis and when does it occur?
Nose bleeds that occurs with trauma, vigorous nose blowing, foreign body.
What is dysphagia and when does it occur?
difficulty swallowing: occurs with pharyngitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, stroke and other neurologic diseases, esophageal cancer.
What is Bruxism and when does it occur?
Bruxism (teeth grinding) usually occurs in sleep, from dental problems, nervous tension.
What is xerostomia
Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a side effect of many drugs: antidepressants, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, bronchodilators.
What does the absence of patency indicate?
Absence of sniff indicates obstruction (e.g., common cold, nasal polyps, rhinitis).
What is Stensen’s duct and what is indicated when red?
the opening of the parotid salivary gland. It looks like a small dimple opposite the upper second molar. If red… mumps!
What is thrush and what is an indicator of thrush?
Candida infection will usually rub off, leaving a clear or raw denuded surface that bleeds. Also an opportunistic infection for immunocompromised people. chemo, HIV
Describe the tonsil grading scale.
Tonsils are graded in size as follows: 1+ Visible 2+ Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula 3+ Touching the uvula 4+ Touching each other
What do enlarged Tonsils of 2+, 3+, or 4+ indicate?
acute infection.
What would tongue deviation to one side (when patient is asked to stick tongue out) indicate?
With cranial nerve XII damage, the tongue deviates toward the paralyzed side.
Where would you find a fine tremor of the tongue? a coarse tremor?
A fine tremor of the tongue occurs with hyperthyroidism; a coarse tremor occurs with cerebral palsy and alcoholism.
What would sweet, fruity breath indicate?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
this acetone smell also occurs in children with malnutrition or dehydration.
What would ammonia breath odor indicate?
uremia
What would a foul, fetid odor indicate?
dental or respiratory infections
What would alcohol odor indicate?
alcohol ingestion or chemicals
