N106 Anesthesia & Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the three main types of anesthesia?
General Anesthesia: Administration of drugs by inhalation and/or IV route. Used for major surgeries or extensive tissue manipulation.
Regional Anesthesia: Renders only a specific region of the body insensitive to pain.
Local Anesthesia: Topical application, infiltration into tissues or conscious sedation.
What are common examples of topical anesthetics?
Emla (lidocaine/prilocaine); Cetacaine (spray - benzocaine/tetracaine/butamben/cetyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium bromide); Lidoderm (lidocaine); Anbesol (benzocaine)
Which type of anesthesia may be injected or applied topically and is commonly used in outpatient procedures such as eye surgery, removal of skin growths, dental procedures or carpal tunnel surgery?
Local Anesthesia
What type of local anesthesia is often used during diagnostic procedures (ie. endoscopy’s, bronchoscopy’s), burn dressing changes or chest tube insertions? It provides a depressed level of consciousness rather than complete anesthesia?
Conscious sedation
What must a patient be able to do to receive conscious sedation?
Maintain their own airway and respond to commands.
What type of regional anesthesia involves injection of a local anesthetic via IV line into an extremity below the level of a tourniquet after blood has been withdrawn?
IV Regional anesthesia (AKA Bier Block)
Which type of regional anesthesia requires a lumbar puncture and introduces local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space?
Spinal Anesthesia
What types of surgeries is spinal anesthesia often used for?
lower abdominal, pelvic, lower extremities, urologic, or surgical obstetrics
What is the difference between a spinal and an epidural anesthesia procedure?
The spinal introduces the anesthetic into the subacrachnoid space and the epidural injects anesthetic into the epidural space outside the dura mater.
What are three common pre-anesthetic opioids and what is most important to monitor regarding these drugs?
Fentanyl, Morphine, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Monitor for respiratory depression
What are three common pre-anesthetic antianxiety medications?
Lorazepam (Ativan) (used more often than Valium)
Diazepam (Valium)
Midazolam (Versed)
What Anticholinergics may be administered prior to anesthesia and what do they do?
Atropine - Dries fluids (oral and respiratory secretions)
Scopolamine - anti-nausea, antiemetic
What are the nurses responsibilities when caring for a patient receiving preanesthetic drugs?
- Describe/explain surgery prep (fasting per orders, enema, shaving of operative site, etc)
- Describe/explain post-op care (ie. vital signs will be monitored frequently, equipment such as IV lines and cardiac monitors may be used)
- Demonstrate, describe and explain post-op activities (ie. deep breathing, coughing and leg exercises)
- Emphasizes the importance of pain control (educate about analgesics and relieving pain early and how to use the PCA pump)
How is Methohexital (Brevital) used for anesthesia?
It is a barbiturate
Used for induction of anesthesia
Can be used in conjunction w/ or as a supplement to other anesthetics.
Used in short surgical procedures with minimal painful stimuli.
Depresses CNS to produce hypnosis and anesthesia but does not produce analgesia.
How is Etomidate used for anesthesia?
Nonbarbiturate. Used for induction of anesthesia. May be used to supplement other anesthetics. For short surgical procedures. It is a hypnotic w/o analgesic activity.